应用反射波法进行桩底探岩

分析研究表明,反射波探岩的原理类似于测桩,通过分析激振波在介质中传播时遇到波阻抗不同介质形成的波阻抗界面产生的反射波,从而判断桩底有无溶洞、破碎带或软弱夹层。笔者论述了如何辨别反射波来自桩底或桩周的依据和方法。工程实例表明,采用反射波进行桩底探岩不仅效率高、费用省,而且准确度高,是一种可以推广的方法。     

地震反射特征对风化壳发育带的指示意义:以东营凹陷永北地区沙三上亚段为例

东营凹陷永北地区T1不整合面之下风化壳发育带的的预测是地层油藏勘探的重点与难点。综合利用高精度三维地震解释、岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测录井分析及物性分析等方法,结合构造发育史、埋藏史等研究成果,对东营凹陷永北地区T1不整合面下沙三上亚段地层中特殊的地震反射特征进行研究,并对其地质意义进行了探讨。研究表明:T1不整合面下发育典型埋藏风化壳,包括风化粘土层和半风化淋滤带2层结构;在大气淡水风化、淋滤作用下,半风化淋滤带内部地震同相轴消失,表现为空白反射特征;半风化淋滤带物性得到改善,与未风化岩石之间形成一个物性差异界面,表现为不连续的角度不整合面;未受明显风化、淋滤作用的地层,则表现为典型的角度不整合;地震反射特征的演化过程可划分4个阶段:沙三上沉积后阶段、沙三上抬升后阶段、风化壳形成早期阶段、风化壳形成阶段。地震空白反射带的发育范围是风化壳发育带的保守范围或最小范围,向湖盆方向逐渐过渡为正常地层。风化壳的发育大大改善了原岩的储集性能,可作为良好的油气储集空间和运移通道,是下步地层油气藏勘探的重点目标。     

浅层地震勘查在第四系分层及基岩调查中的应用

在第四系分层和基岩构造调查中,浅层地震勘探是主要的地球物理方法,包括横波反射、纵波反射和面波勘探等。根据探测目标深度的不同,选择合适的地震勘探方法是取得高品质地震勘探资料的关键。在南京查区、南通查区和云南查区分别采用横波反射和纵波反射方法,选取合适的震源,结合调查区的区域地质和钻孔资料,对勘探测线上的第四系分层和基岩构造进行分析和推断。     

通州地电阻率对唐山地区中强地震的映震能力分析

基于通州地表地电阻率在1976年唐山M7.8地震前有明显前兆异常以及通州新建井下小极距地电阻率在2020年古冶M5.1地震和2021年滦州M4.3地震前出现的异常变化,从台站周边构造环境、地震特征等方面进行对比分析,认为通州台地电阻率对唐山地区中强地震的中短期映震能力比较强。同时分析结果也显示在目前观测环境条件下,井下小极距地电阻率再现了通州台地电阻率对周边地区中强地震具有较强地映震能力。     

成矿元素巨量聚集的混沌机制——斑岩型和构造蚀变岩型矿床例析

成矿元素含量的变化受控于成矿系统内部的动力学过程,具有较强的随机性与混沌特征,对其变化特征的定量刻画有助于深入理解成矿过程,并为找矿预测提供理论依据。本文以三江普朗斑岩型铜矿的Cu元素与胶东大尹格庄构造蚀变岩型金矿的Au元素品位序列为研究对象,运用混沌时间序列分析法中的相空间重构技术、吸引子的关联维及最大Lyapunov指数解析了Cu与Au元素品位序列的分布特征。结果显示:斑岩型铜矿强矿化和中矿化Cu元素品位的饱和关联维介于4.42与9.69之间,饱和嵌入维介于25与28之间,最大Lyapunov指数介于0.0021与0.0661之间,弱矿化勘探线Cu元素关联维没有出现饱和现象,最大Lyapunov指数随着嵌入维的增大,由正数变为负数;构造蚀变岩型金矿的强矿化勘探线Au元素的关联维为3.18,饱和嵌入维为23,最大Lyapunov指数为0.0082,而中矿化和弱矿化勘探线Au元素的关联维没有出现饱和现象,且随着嵌入维的增大,最大Lyapunov指数由正数变为负数,表明斑岩型中-强矿化地区的Cu元素和构造蚀变岩型强矿化区域的Au元素品位序列具有混沌动力学特征,而弱矿化地区的Cu元素及中弱矿化地区的Au元素品位序列则具有更强的随机性特征;同时,具有混沌特征的斑岩型铜矿的饱和嵌入维和关联维及最大Lyapunov指数的均值都大于蚀变岩型矿床,说明斑岩型铜矿比蚀变岩型矿床的元素具有更强混沌特性与更复杂的控制因素,如温度、硫化作用、流体不混溶、蚀变叠加等。     

Detection of ground ice using ground penetrating radar method

The paper presents the results of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) application for the detection of ground ice. We combined a reflection traveltime curves analysis with a frequency spectrogram analysis. We found special anomalies at specific traces in the traveltime curves and ground boundaries analysis, and obtained a ground model for subsurface structure which allows the ground ice layer to be identified and delineated.     

Natural gas origins of large and medium-scale gas fields in China sedimentary basins

The integrated study of the geological and seismic reflection data from the drilling area of CCSD has discovered that the density and the P-wave velocity of orthogneiss are almost the same as that of the paragneiss in the area; but the orthogneiss and the paragneiss hold different reflection attributes. The strong seismic reflector packes coinciding spatially with the paragneiss suites have implied that the paragneiss buried in the metamorphic crust itself can cause bone-like seismic reflector sets. The P-wave velocity of paragneiss shows little apparent difference with that of the orthogneiss; but its transverse wave velocity is lower, with the Vp/Vs ratios being high. The paragneiss has partially inherited the layering structures and textures of the protolithe of sedimentary rocks, hence shows strong heterogeneity and anisotropy, that is why the paragneiss are able to produce the bone-like reflectors in the upper crust. The low transverse wave velocity of paragneiss often means weak shear resistance, which will further cause cracks or fractures in the rock, consequentially increase its porosity and permeability during tectonic movements, and form the paragneiss reservoirs of low-permeability zones for gases uplifted from the deeper crust. Because the paragneiss in the crustal metamorphic basement can cause the seismic reflectors, seismic reflection sections are able to provide information about the paragneiss under certain prerequisites.     

Morphostructure and evolution of the central and Eastern Bransfield Basins (NW Antarctic Peninsula)

The Bransfield Basin is a narrow and elongated active rift basin located between the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands. The Bransfield Basin is composed of three small basins, and two of them, the Central and Eastern Bransfield Basins, were surveyed during a recent cruise (GEBRA 93). The full swath bathymetry coverage as well as the single-channel seismic reflection and magnetic profiles that have been acquired, help us to better understand the morphostructure and recent evolution of the Bransfield Basin. Six large volcanic edifices aligned with the basin axis stick out of the sedimented seafloor of the Central Bransfield Basin. In contrast, the Eastern Bransfield Basin is characterised by four deep troughs displaying a rhombic-shape, and small, scattered volcanic cones located in the southwestern half basin. Seamount volcanism plays an important role in the formation of new crust in the Bransfield Basin. The larger seamounts of the Central Bransfield Basin are located at the intersection of the two main orthogonal sets of faults (longitudinal ENE-WSW and transversal NNW-SSE). Morphological analysis of the seamounts indicates a multi-staged volcano-tectonic construction. The distribution and shape of these edifices suggests that both volcanism and extension are concentrated at the same preferential areas through time. This might be related to the fracturation style of the continental crust. The Central and Eastern Bransfield Basins are very different in morphostructure, volcanism, and sedimentary cover. The Central Bransfield Basin shows evidence of NW-SE extensional faulting and focused active MORB-volcanism interpreted as result of incipient seafloor spreading. The Eastern Bransfield Basin is still in a rifting stage, mainly dominated by a NW-SE extension and some left-lateral strike-slip component probably related to the South Scotia Ridge.J. Acosta, J. Baraza, P. Bart, A.M. Calafat, J.L. Casamor, M. De Batist, G. Ercilla, G. Francés, E. Ramos, J.L. Sanz, and A. Tassone.     

利用浅层反射地震资料中的面波与初至波研究剖面浅部结构

利用浅层反射地震数据的面波与初至波信息,采用多道面波分析法(MASW)得到浅部横波速度结构,再利用初至波走时层析成像得到纵波速度结构,进而得到纵横波速度比与泊松比数据。结合反射波叠加剖面与跨断层钻孔联合剖面对浅部地层进行综合解释,在一定程度上弥补了浅部反射资料的缺失,对确定浅部断层的位置及性质起到非常重要的作用。