隧道地质灾害超前预报的地震反射法

介绍了利用地震反射法进行隧道地质灾害超前探测的基本原理、观测方法,讨论了反射波时距曲线方程和特点以及实际应用中存在的主要问题和影响因素,指出采用地震反射法与工程地质调查法相结合可以提高超前探测的准确性和精度.     

反射法地震勘探噪声消除技术研究

噪声消除是地震勘探资料处理的基础,地震资料信噪比的高低将直接影响到后续处理的效果.因此,选取正确的噪声消除方法是整个资料处理的前提.本文从反射法地震勘探中噪声的特性出发,将常用的去噪方法分为四类,分析了它们的优点和局限性,并且对不同的处理方法进行了简单的比较,介绍了他们的应用领域.     

Study on 3D simulation of wave fields in acoustic reflection image logging

The borehole acoustic reflection imaging logging is a newly developed acoustic logging method that has attracted many interests. These converted and reflected waves for imaging are usually mixed up with borehole guided waves and therefore difficult to be clearly identified. To improve the downhole tool design and develop more sophisticate data processing and interpretation algorithms,studies on precisely numerical modeling of the wave fields in the acoustic reflection imaging logging are neces-sary and critical. This paper developed a parallelized scheme of 3D finite difference (3DFD) with non-uniform staggered grid and PML absorbing boundary to simulate the acoustic wave fields in isotropic and anisotropic formations. Applications of this scheme to the typical cases of isotropic and anisot-ropic formations and comparison with the results from published analytical solutions have demon-strated the validation and efficiency of the scheme. Higher accuracy and lower computation cost (3.5 times faster than the conventional schemes) have been achieved with this scheme for modeling such a complex wave fields of 60 dB dynamic range with higher frequency (10 kHz). This simulating program provides a quantitative analytical means for studying acoustic reflection imaging tool and development of the data processing and interpretation methods.     

WINTER RADIATION EXTINCTION AND REFLECTION IN A BOREAL PINE CANOPY: MEASUREMENTS AND MODELLING

Predicting the rate of snowmelt and intercepted snow sublimation in boreal forests requires an understanding of the effects of snow-covered conifers on the exchange of radiant energy. This study examined the amount of intercepted snow on a jack pine canopy in the boreal forest of central Saskatchewan and the shortwave and net radiation exchange with this canopy, to determine the effect of intercepted snow and canopy structure on shortwave radiation reflection and extinction and net radiation attenuation in a boreal forest. The study focused on clear sky conditions, which are common during winter in the continental boreal forest. Intercepted snow was found to have no influence on the clear-sky albedo of the canopy, the extinction of short wave radiation by the canopy or ratio of net radiation at the canopy top to that at the surface snow cover. Because of the low albedo of the snow-covered canopy, net radiation at the canopy top remains positive and a large potential source of energy for sublimation. The canopy albedo declines somewhat as the extinction efficiency of the underlying canopy increases. The extinction efficiency of short wave radiation in the canopy depends on solar angle because of the approximately horizontal orientation of pine branches. For low solar angles above the horizon, the extinction efficiency is quite low and short wave transmissivity through the canopy is relatively high. As the solar angle increases, extinction increases up to angles of about 50°, and then declines. Extinction of short wave radiation in the canopy strongly influences the attenuation of net radiation by the canopy. Short wave radiation that is extinguished by branches is radiated as long wave, partly downwards to the snow cover. The ratio of net radiation at the canopy top to that at the snow cover surface increases with the extinction of short wave radiation and is negative for low extinction efficiencies. For the pine canopy examined, the daily mean net radiation at the snow cover surface became positive when daily mean solar angles exceeded 22° in late March. Hence, canopy structure and solar angle control the net radiation at the snow cover surface during clear sky conditions and will govern the timing and rate of snowmelt. Models of intercepted snow sublimation and forest snowmelt could beneficially incorporate the canopy radiation balance, which can be extrapolated to stands of various canopy densities, coverage and heights in a physically based manner. Such models could hence avoid ‘empirical’ temperature index measures that cannot be extrapolated with confidence.     

Natural gas origins of large and medium-scale gas fields in China sedimentary basins

The integrated study of the geological and seismic reflection data from the drilling area of CCSD has discovered that the density and the P-wave velocity of orthogneiss are almost the same as that of the paragneiss in the area; but the orthogneiss and the paragneiss hold different reflection attributes. The strong seismic reflector packes coinciding spatially with the paragneiss suites have implied that the paragneiss buried in the metamorphic crust itself can cause bone-like seismic reflector sets. The P-wave velocity of paragneiss shows little apparent difference with that of the orthogneiss; but its transverse wave velocity is lower, with the Vp/Vs ratios being high. The paragneiss has partially inherited the layering structures and textures of the protolithe of sedimentary rocks, hence shows strong heterogeneity and anisotropy, that is why the paragneiss are able to produce the bone-like reflectors in the upper crust. The low transverse wave velocity of paragneiss often means weak shear resistance, which will further cause cracks or fractures in the rock, consequentially increase its porosity and permeability during tectonic movements, and form the paragneiss reservoirs of low-permeability zones for gases uplifted from the deeper crust. Because the paragneiss in the crustal metamorphic basement can cause the seismic reflectors, seismic reflection sections are able to provide information about the paragneiss under certain prerequisites.     

Seismic response to natural gas anomalies in crystalline rocks

According to the geological and seismic reflection data of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) main-hole (MH), and the anomalies of CH4, CO2, and He are correlated to the three-component seismic reflectors, especially in horizontal component profiles. However, the seismic response is dif-ficult to be explained as the porosity of crystalline rocks is only about 1% in well section where the gas anomalies occur. Seismic velocity measurement of the MH cores indicated that compared with wa-ter-saturated rock samples, seismic velocity (especially the S-wave) could be distinctly decreased by gas contained in tiny cracks despite of the low porosity, and then notable seismic response could be induced in gas-filled crystalline rocks. It could be predicated that if the porosity of certain rocks in the middle crust rose due to water-rock interaction and had natural gas filled, then there would be more probability for natural gas in top of the mid-crust to fill in the crystalline rocks with increased porosity. In such case, based on the decrease of Swave velocity in crystalline rocks, seismic method could be applied in the future to explore natural gas reservoirs in the middle crust.     

Morphostructure and evolution of the central and Eastern Bransfield Basins (NW Antarctic Peninsula)

The Bransfield Basin is a narrow and elongated active rift basin located between the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands. The Bransfield Basin is composed of three small basins, and two of them, the Central and Eastern Bransfield Basins, were surveyed during a recent cruise (GEBRA 93). The full swath bathymetry coverage as well as the single-channel seismic reflection and magnetic profiles that have been acquired, help us to better understand the morphostructure and recent evolution of the Bransfield Basin. Six large volcanic edifices aligned with the basin axis stick out of the sedimented seafloor of the Central Bransfield Basin. In contrast, the Eastern Bransfield Basin is characterised by four deep troughs displaying a rhombic-shape, and small, scattered volcanic cones located in the southwestern half basin. Seamount volcanism plays an important role in the formation of new crust in the Bransfield Basin. The larger seamounts of the Central Bransfield Basin are located at the intersection of the two main orthogonal sets of faults (longitudinal ENE-WSW and transversal NNW-SSE). Morphological analysis of the seamounts indicates a multi-staged volcano-tectonic construction. The distribution and shape of these edifices suggests that both volcanism and extension are concentrated at the same preferential areas through time. This might be related to the fracturation style of the continental crust. The Central and Eastern Bransfield Basins are very different in morphostructure, volcanism, and sedimentary cover. The Central Bransfield Basin shows evidence of NW-SE extensional faulting and focused active MORB-volcanism interpreted as result of incipient seafloor spreading. The Eastern Bransfield Basin is still in a rifting stage, mainly dominated by a NW-SE extension and some left-lateral strike-slip component probably related to the South Scotia Ridge.J. Acosta, J. Baraza, P. Bart, A.M. Calafat, J.L. Casamor, M. De Batist, G. Ercilla, G. Francés, E. Ramos, J.L. Sanz, and A. Tassone.     

龙门山大川-双石断裂在都江堰隐伏段的综合探测研究

大川-双石断裂位于龙门山前山断裂南段,因其在都江堰地区隐伏于岷江河流阶地之下,在一定程度上影响了对龙门山断裂带南段的地震危险性评价和发震能力评估。因此,掌握大川-双石断裂的地下分布特征和活动性,对都江堰城区的避灾规划和重大工程选址意义重大。本项研究在野外地质调查基础上,垂直断裂走向布设浅层地震反射剖面、高密度电阻率剖面和钻孔联合剖面。通过多种方法共同揭示了大川-双石断裂在都江堰地区的精确空间展布位置、近地表构造形态、上断点埋深及断裂活动性。大川-双石断裂在都江堰地区的岷江西岸阶地处隐伏通过,为逆断层,倾向NW,倾角在地表浅层为60°~70°,近地面为20°~30°;且破碎带向地面逐渐变浅变薄,上断点向上延伸至第四系灰褐色黏土层和棕黄色粗砂夹砾石层,埋深约3.5 m。上述研究表明大川-双石断裂在都江堰市区附近具有全新世活动特征。     

利用浅层反射地震资料中的面波与初至波研究剖面浅部结构

利用浅层反射地震数据的面波与初至波信息,采用多道面波分析法(MASW)得到浅部横波速度结构,再利用初至波走时层析成像得到纵波速度结构,进而得到纵横波速度比与泊松比数据。结合反射波叠加剖面与跨断层钻孔联合剖面对浅部地层进行综合解释,在一定程度上弥补了浅部反射资料的缺失,对确定浅部断层的位置及性质起到非常重要的作用。     

GNSS-R/IR土壤水分遥感研究现状

根据不同遥感平台,详细叙述地基、塔基、机载和星载GNSS-R技术土壤水分监测的发展现状,综述辐射计联合GNSS-R技术进行土壤水分监测的发展状态及GNSS-R地基和星载接收机的发展现状,探讨GNSS-R/IR进行土壤水分反演的重难点。