Room-temperature equation of state of Li<Subscript>2</Subscript>VOSiO<Subscript>4</Subscript> up to 8.5 GPa

High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements of lattice parameters of the compound Li₂VOSiO₄, which crystallises with a natisite-type structure, has been carried out to a pressure of 8.54(5) GPa at room temperature. Unit-cell volume data were fitted with a second-order Birch-Murnaghan EoS (BM-EoS), simultaneously refining V ₀ and K ₀ using the data weighted by the uncertainties in V. The bulk modulus is K ₀ = 99(1) GPa, with K′ fixed to 4. Refinements of third order equations-of-state yielded values of K′ that did not differ significantly from 4. The compressibility of the unit-cell is strongly anisotropic with the c axis (K ₀(c) = 49.7 ± 0.5 GPa) approximately four times more compressible than the a axis (K ₀(a) = 195 ± 3 GPa).     

土-膨润土隔离墙应力状态与固结行为的现场试验研究

土-膨润土竖向隔离墙被广泛应用于污染场地治理,其服役性能受应力状态和固结变形影响较大。通过建造两段不同尺寸的土-膨润土隔离墙试验段,并利用土压力盒、孔压计、测斜管等分别对墙体现场应力状态和变形进行了为期15个月的监测,获得了土-膨润土隔离墙固结行为的基本特征。监测结果表明：墙体主固结阶段需要数月;墙体固结变形以侧向变形为主;大部分深度内总应力在前1个月显著减小,并在随后基本保持稳定,有效应力随超孔压消散而不断增加;水平应变与最大水平有效应力均与墙深呈显著正相关;然而在主固结期间,墙体底部总应力和孔压均一直减小直至等于静水压力,有效应力始终很小。根据实测墙体变形及应力分布的特点,指出在相邻土体中可能形成滑动楔形体,对填料产生整体挤压,从而对隔离墙的现场固结行为特征作出了合理解释。最后,针对土-膨润土隔离墙的设计施工提出了相关建议。     

Sedimentary Crust and Metallogeny of Granitoid Affinity: Implications from the Geotectonic Histories of the Circum‐Japan Sea Region,Central Andes and Southeastern Australia

Metallogeny of granitoid affinity was reviewed from the aspect of geotectonic history of the continental crust, particularly of the genesis of sedimentary crust involved in magmatism. The redox state of granitoids and related mineralization shows a remarkable contrast between the east and west sides of the Pacific Rim, but if examined closely, the reduced‐type and oxidized‐type granitoid provinces are juxtaposed in three regions: the circum‐Japan Sea region, the central Andes, and the Lachlan Fold Belt in southeastern Australia. Comparative study of these regions revealed that the reduced‐type magmatism associated with Sn mineralization generated in thick sedimentary crust which formed in three geotectonic environments: (i) accretionary terrane along a subduction zone (e.g. Jurassic East Asia), (ii) continental rift (e.g. Early Paleozoic Andes), and (iii) mega‐fan (e.g. Early Paleozoic southeastern Australia). A collisional orogen can provide large amounts of clastic sediment to these environments. The age gap between the magmatism and sedimentation varies depending on the tectonic evolution of individual regions. Thin sedimentary crust may not play an essential role for the reduced‐type magmatism. The oxidized‐type magmatism associated with porphyry Cu and other mineralization generated in the crust which was initially carbon‐free igneous crust or modified from sedimentary crust by magmatism. Subduction‐related basaltic magmas are relatively oxidized, and may enhance fO₂ conditions of granitoid activity. Repeated magmatism in a monotonous convergent margin may be favorable for porphyry Cu mineralization as exemplified in the eastern Pacific Rim.     

Identity building and social transformation: the cases of Namibia and Botswana compared

Namibia and Botswana differ from other sub-Saharan nations in their record of stable political performance. However, both countries have to face increasing social problems. In the case of Namibia these are still mainly related to the process of post-apartheid national reconciliation and identity building, in the case of Botswana they refer to issues of growing tribal tensions and of a gradual interior restructuring of society. This paper analyzes the various patterns of social transformation in the two countries and examines in what ways state-society relations are different from other African nations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Reliability of shallow foundations designed against bearing failure using LRFD

Worldwide, there is growing interest in the development of a rational reliability-based geotechnical design code. The reasons for this interest are at least two-fold; first, geotechnical engineers face significantly more uncertainties than those faced in other fields of engineering, therefore there is a need to properly characterize and deal with these uncertainties. Second, for decades, structural engineers have used a reliability-based design code, and there is a need to develop the same for geotechnical engineers, in order that the two groups can ‘speak the same language’. This paper develops a theoretical model to predict the probability that a shallow foundation will exceed its supporting soil's bearing capacity. The footing is designed using characteristic soil properties (cohesion and friction angle) derived from a single sample, or ‘core’, taken in the vicinity of the footing, and used in a load and resistance factor design approach. The theory predicting failure probability is validated using a two-dimensional random finite element method analysis of a strip footing. Agreement between theory and simulation is found to be very good. Therefore, the theory can be used with confidence to perform risk assessments of foundation designs and develop resistance factors for use in code provisions.     

A sequential sparse polynomial chaos expansion using Bayesian regression for geotechnical reliability estimations

Polynomial chaos expansions (PCEs) have been widely employed to estimate failure probabilities in geotechnical engineering. However, PCEs suffer from two deficiencies: (a) PCE coefficients are solved by the least-square minimization method which easily causes overfitting issues; (b) building a high order PCE is often computationally expensive. In order to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks, the Bayesian regression technique is employed to evaluate PCE coefficients, which not only provides a sparse solution but also avoids overfitting. With the aid of the predictive means and variances given by Bayesian analysis, a learning function is proposed to sequentially select the most informative samples that are critical to build a PCE. This sequential learning scheme can highly enhance the computational efficiency of PCEs. Besides, importance sampling (IS) is incorporated into the sequential learning (SL)-PCEs to deal with geotechnical problems with small failure probabilities. The proposed method of SL-PCE-IS is applied to three illustrative examples, which shows that the improved PCE method is more effective and efficient than the common PCEs method, leading to accurate estimations of small failure probabilities using fewer training samples.     

Triaxial stress state deep in orogenic belts: an example from Turkey

A rare metachert pebble containing amphibole grains with microboudin structures in a wide range of orientations provides an opportunity to perform stress analysis in two orthogonal orientations on the foliation surface. The sample was analysed by the microboudin method to infer the triaxial stress state during microboudinage. Stress parameters proportional to the far-field differential stress were determined for sodic amphibole grains in the two orientations. The ratio of the stresses in the two orthogonal orientations (σ₁−σ₂)/(σ₁−σ₃) was calculated to be 0.64, indicating that σ₂ lies closer to the midpoint between σ₁ and σ₃ than to σ₃.     

浅层SH反射波法和多道瞬态面波法 进行联合工程勘察的讨论

针对目前单一工程物探方法调查浅部地质结构的局限性,提出采用弹性波法勘察中研究浅部地质结构的SH波反射勘察和多道瞬态面波法勘察这2种有效手段进行联合勘探,提高其可靠性和精度,并给出了3个实例,指出了在数据采集和处理时应注意的问题。     

柯树背岩体的副矿物特征及地质意义

本文详细研究了柯树背岩体的岩石学及副矿物学特征，研究发现F9大断裂以西部分(西体)与F9大断裂以东部分(东体)在岩性、矿物组成、副矿物特征、锆石群型特征上存在很大差别，副矿物特征、锆石群型特征指示东体与寨背岩体类似，为同熔系列花岗岩；西体为重熔再生岩浆成因的改造型花岗岩。这一认识对于该区的铀金找矿具有一定的指导意义。     

中主应力对饱和松砂不排水单调剪切特性的影响

利用土工静力-动力液压-三轴扭转多功能剪切仪,针对相对密度为30 %的福建标准砂,在不排水条件下控制主应力方向、中主应力系数、平均主应力保持不变,进行了单调剪切试验。以此着重探讨了中主应力系数对相变有效内摩擦角、峰值有效内摩擦角及有效应力路径的影响。研究表明,中主应力系数对在不排水单调剪切条件下饱和松砂的强度参数具有显著的影响,而对有效应力路径及应力-应变关系发展模式影响较小。基于广义双剪强度准则,从理论上探讨了土的强度参数对于中主应力的依赖性,并与试验结果进行了对比。