Progress of actinolite-forming reactions in mafic schists during retrograde metamorphism: an example from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt in central Shikoku, Japan

Hydration reactions are direct evidence of fluid–rock interaction during regional metamorphism. In this study, hydration reactions to produce retrograde actinolite in mafic schists are investigated to evaluate the controlling factors on the reaction progress. Mafic schists in the Sanbagawa belt contain amphibole coexisting with epidote, chlorite, plagioclase and quartz. Amphibole typically shows two types of compositional zoning from core to rim: barroisite → hornblende → actinolite in the high‐grade zone, and winchite → actinolite in the low‐grade zone. Both types indicate that amphibole grew during the exhumation stage of the metamorphic belt. Microstructures of amphibole zoning and mass‐balance relations suggest that: (1) the actinolite‐forming reactions proceeded at the expense of the preexisting amphibole; and (2) the breakdown reaction of hornblende consumed more H₂O fluid than that of winchite, when one mole of preexisting amphibole was reacted. Reaction progress is indicated by the volume fraction of actinolite to total amphibole, Y_act, with the following details: (1) reaction proceeded homogeneously in each mafic layer; (2) the extent of the hornblende breakdown reaction is commonly low (Y_act < 0.5), but it increases drastically in the high‐grade part of the garnet zone (Y_act > 0.7); and (3) the extent of the winchite breakdown reaction is commonly high (Y_act > 0.7). Many microcracks are observed within hornblende, and the extent of hornblende breakdown reaction is correlated with the size reduction of the hornblende core. Brittle fracturing of hornblende may have enhanced retrograde reaction progress by increasing of influx of H₂O and the surface area of hornblende. In contrast to high‐grade rocks, the winchite breakdown reaction is well advanced in the low‐grade rocks, where reaction progress is not associated with brittle fracturing of winchite. The high extent of the reaction in the low‐grade rocks may be due to small size of winchite before the reaction.     

超高温麻粒岩中尖晶石成分、结构特征和矿物反应的指示意义:以阿尔泰造山带超高温尖晶石-斜方辉石-石榴石麻粒岩为例

超高温变质作用的研究已成为世界上热门的地球科学领域之一,其中斜方辉石+夕线石+石英、假蓝宝石+石英、尖晶石+石英、大隅石+石英以及富铝斜方辉石等标型矿物组合和特征可以指示岩石经历了超高温变质作用(温度>900℃),这对查明地球深部下地壳的物质组成和构造演化具有重要意义。初次对产于世界上不同地区超高温麻粒岩尖晶石+石英共生等的标型矿物组合、不同赋存状态的尖晶石ZnO含量、XZn[Zn/(Mg+Fe2++Zn)]、XMg等进行分析和对比,认为不同地区不同赋存状态的尖晶石,其ZnO含量、XZn和XMg有所不同,但总的来说,超高温麻粒岩尖晶石中ZnO质量分数多数低于2.5%,但个别特殊的有高达近15%。尖晶石中XZn较低且尖晶石与石英共生,可以作为超高温变质的证据之一。通过对阿尔泰南缘超高温尖晶石-斜方辉石-石榴石麻粒岩中尖晶石成分及ZnO含量分析,得出与石英共生的尖晶石ZnO质量分数约为2.50%,且有与XFe成正比的变化趋势,而与钛铁矿共生的尖晶石ZnO质量分数约为1.85%,虽然两者含量稍有不同,但与世界上超高温麻粒岩中多数尖晶石ZnO含量相比都相近。结合其他特征矿物组合,可以确定该岩石中尖晶石与石英共生组合可以作为阿尔泰地区发生超高温变质作用的证据。通过对阿尔泰南缘与尖晶石-石英有关的变质反应期次划分等的初步研究,认为变质期次可划分为峰期变质和退变质两期,推测峰期的温度条件可达到1000℃,且该超高温麻粒岩可能经历了顺时针p-T演化轨迹。该超高温麻粒岩在阿尔泰造山带的出现,可能与古生代时期发生的古亚洲洋俯冲、西伯利亚板块和哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔板块碰撞造山作用过程有关。     

对公婆泉盆地铀成矿水文地球化学条件的认识

通过对公婆泉盆地地质、水动力、水文地球化学条件的分析和地球化学模式计算 ,确定了盆地下白垩统层间水水化学类型主要为SO4 ·Cl Na型或Cl·SO4 Na型 ;水中铀存在形式以UO2(CO3) 4- 3占优势 ;盆地内存在有利于铀还原沉淀的水文地球化学环境的可能性、及具备满足铀沉淀条件的矿化远景有利地段     

催化光度法测定煤中钒

催化光度法测定煤中钒邵谦１葛圣松刘志强贝太伟山东矿业学院济南分院济南２５００３１利用Ｖ（Ⅴ）对溴酸盐氧化还原型罗丹明Ｂ反应的催化作用，文献［１］建立了测定痕量钒的催化荧光法。本文以此反应为指示反应，改测其激发波长下的吸光度，建立了催化光度法测定痕量钒...     

北京西山煤炭采空区地面塌陷危险性分析

北京西山煤炭资源主要分布在百花山、庙安岭—髫髻山、九龙山—香峪大梁、北岭等向斜区，范围达1000km^2以上。含煤层位属石炭—二叠纪和侏罗纪，在已开采的煤炭产量中，有76％出自侏罗纪煤系，24％出自石炭—二叠纪煤系。在800余年开采历史中，已采出煤炭数亿吨。地表及地下浅部煤炭已被采完，在地下深部也形成了大面积多层次采空区。20世纪80年代以来，与采煤有关的地面塌陷灾害频繁凸现。本文作者通过对不同历史阶段采煤方法的差异、多层叠置的采空区结构特点等的分析，提出进入中—晚期开采时期的煤田，塌陷坑、地裂缝、山体滑塌、地面不均匀沉降、破坏性矿震等已构成灾害链，各类煤炭采空区进一步塌陷的危险性依然存在。在北京西山，不论是进一步的煤炭开采，还是地表居民的生产生活，以及国家未来的经济建设，都不应忽视煤炭采空区地面塌陷的危险性。     

高等级公路软基硬壳层处理

根据高等级公路路基工程的软基硬壳层情况,讨论软基硬壳层的作用机理、对路基沉降和稳定的作用及在土压力上的反映.     

Metamorphic evolution of calcsilicate granulites near Battye Glacier, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica

Calcsilicate granulites of probable Middle Proterozoic age ( c .1000–1100  Ma) in the vicinity of Battye Glacier, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica, contain prograde metamorphic assemblages comprising various combinations of wollastonite, scapolite, clinopyroxene, An-rich plagioclase, calcite, quartz, titanite and, rarely, orthoclase, ilmenite, phlogopite and graphite. Comparison of the prograde assemblages with calculated and experimentally determined phase relations in the simple CaO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–CO₂–H₂O system suggests peak metamorphism at ≥835 °C in the presence (in wollastonite-bearing assemblages at least) of a CO₂-bearing fluid ( X _CO≥0.3) at a probable pressure of 6–7  kbar.
Well-preserved retrograde reaction textures represent: (1) breakdown of scapolite to anorthite+calcite±quartz; (2) formation of grossular–andradite garnet and, locally, (3) epidote, both principally by reactions involving scapolite breakdown products and clinopyroxene; (4) local coupled replacement of clinopyroxene and ilmenite by hornblende and titanite, respectively; and finally (5) local sericitization of prograde and retrograde plagioclase. These retrograde reactions are interpreted to be the result of cooling and variable infiltration by H₂O-rich fluids, possibly derived from crystallizing pegmatitic intrusions and segregations that may be partial melts, which are common throughout the area.     

分方位马尔科夫链叠前地质统计反演在Q区块碎屑岩薄储层预测中的应用

Q区块目的层为砂泥岩薄互层,常规方法预测的储层精度不能满足油田时下的需求。通过调研,认为薄互层具有各向异性,“两宽一高”地震数据的出现,为各向异性解释提供了数据基础。通过理论分析,采用分方位马尔科夫链地质统计反演预测储层展布规律。该方法将马尔科夫链转移概率与贝叶斯遗传概率相结合,利用地震波组特征进行约束,同时,方位信息的加入为储层预测精度的提高提供了选项。突破了以往只在碳酸盐岩及基岩各向异性反演的认知限制,使碎屑岩薄储层中的各向异性得以体现。通过理论与实践结合,证实了优势方位的储层预测精度优于其他方位。     

层柱粘土及其在催化反应中的应用

层柱粘土是一类新型催化剂材料。它是微孔的固体，结构类似二维分子筛，分布有适合于很多有机反应所需要的催化剂酸性和孔，其层间距大于沸石分子筛的孔径，有利于较大反应物分子的反应，在层柱粘土催化剂作用下，一些催化反应显示出择形选择性。本论述了层柱粘土在有机反应中的应用及其一些示例。规则间层结构的粘土矿物兼有云母的稳定性和膨润土的可膨胀性，是制备稳定性好的层柱粘土的原材料。手性试剂改性的钛层柱粘土可用于不对称氧化反应，为高选择性的新型层柱粘土催化剂的研制提供了有意义的启示。     

北美地热井高温硬岩钻井技术

近年来,在全球能源转型的大背景下,高温地热发电得到世界各国极大的重视,前景广阔。要实现对高温地热能源的开采,采用的钻井技术是关键。北美从20世纪50年代开始,对地热能源商业化开采、并用以发电的技术进行了持续性的研究和试验。在高温硬岩地热钻井技术上形成了完整的体系,比如高温地热井设计与井筒完整性技术,高温、超高温坚硬岩石钻头设计与生产技术,高温井底动力钻具,高温井下测量工具,高温泥浆与堵漏技术,高温水泥浆体系以及高温井控技术等。本文结合作者在国内地热井钻完井及北美地热井的工作经验,概要介绍北美的地热钻井技术现状、地热钻井技术难点以及与之相关的关键技术。