SOFTWARE REVIEWS

Graphical Aids for Stochastic Processes. Bob Fisch and David Griffeath, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole LANDSAT , Version 4.3. macGIS, Version 0.95. 1989. Simulating Central Place Structures (Version 1.0). Daniel A. Griffith STRUCTURE V4.0. Ronald Burt     

COUPLED PHYSICAL-ECOLOGICAL MODELLING IN THE CENTRAL PART OF JIAOZHOU BAY Ⅱ. COUPLED WITH AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭｕｃｈｅｆｆｏｒｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｔｏｗａｒｄｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｏａｓｔａｌｚｏｎｅ.Ｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｅａｓｏｎａｌｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ(Ｒｉｌｅｙｅｔａｌ.,1949)ｗａｓａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｔｈｅｏｒｙｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｂｙｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｐｒｅｄａｔｏｒｐｒｅｙｉｎｔ…     

Synoptic interpretation of seismic reflection and refraction data

Summary. The structure of the upper lithosphere beneath southern Germany, northern Switzerland and west-central Utah (U.S.A.) has been investigated in detail by various geophysical methods. A synoptic interpretation of travel time and amplitude data obtained in seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection surveys, combined with near-normal incidence reflection observations, now permits the elucidation of the fine structure in a more quantitative and unified manner. With this scheme it is possible to unambiguously identify low-velocity zones and to deduce velocity gradients if reliable amplitude information is included in the inversion process.     

250─500℃、100MPa下海水─玄武岩反应的实验研究

现代海洋地质地球化学研究表明，海底活动热泉和某些海底矿床的形成可能与洋脊地区发生的海水─玄武岩反应有关。本文在２５０─５００℃、１００ＭＰａ下实验研究了海水─玄武岩反应中矿物蚀变和金属淋滤问题，并讨论了海底矿化的可能机理。实验结果揭示，经与海水反应后玄武岩受到强烈的蚀变和淋滤，且蚀变矿物组合和重金属淋滤量受实验温度和水岩比值的控制。在４５０℃和ｗ／ｒ≤５时，海水─玄武岩反应生成的溶液在Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ含量和酸碱度上均与现代海底矿化热泉相似，反应形成的矿物组合亦与热泉蚀变矿物相当。实验结果支持现代海底热泉矿化是由一定条件下海水与玄武岩反应形成的看法。     

八方山层控多金属矿床地质特征及成因探讨

依据矿床地质特征沿及铅、硫、氢、氧同位素以及包裹体和微量元素等测试资料分析表明,该矿床为中泥盆世沿海底同生断层喷溢的含矿热卤水与生物还原海水硫酸盐中的硫相互作用,形成同生含矿硅质岩,再经后期改造而成层控多金属矿床。所以矿床既有同生沉积标志,又有后生改造迹象。属海底喷气沉积—受改造的层控矿床。     

Tephra dispersal from Myojinsho, Japan, during its shallow submarine eruption of 1952–1953

 A new and detailed bathymetric map of the Myojinsho shallow submarine volcano provides a framework to interpret the physical volcanology of its 1952–1953 eruption, especially how the silicic pyroclasts, both primary and reworked, enlarged the volcano and were dispersed into the surrounding marine environment. Myojinsho, 420 km south of Tokyo along the Izu–Ogasawara arc, was the site of approximately 1000 phreatomagmatic explosions during the 12.5-month eruption. These explosions shattered growing dacite domes, producing dense clasts that immediately sank into the sea; minor amounts of pumice floated on the sea surface after some of these events. The Myojinsho cone has slopes of almost precisely 21° in the depth range 300–700 m.We interpret this to be the result of angle-of-repose deposition of submarine pyroclastic gravity flows that traveled downslope in all directions. Many of these gravity flows resulted from explosions and associated dome collapse, but others were likely triggered by the remobilization of debris temporarily deposited on the summit and steep upper slopes of the cone. Tephra was repeatedly carried into air in subaerial eruption columns and fell into the sea within 1–2 km of the volcano's summit, entering water as deep as 400 m. Because the fall velocity of single particles decreased by a factor of ∼30 in passing from air into the sea, we expect that the upper part of the water column was repeatedly choked with hyperconcentrations of fallout tephra. Gravitational instabilities within these tephra-choked regions could have formed vertical density currents that descended at velocities greater than those of the individual particles they contained. Upon reaching the sea floor, many of these currents probably continued to move downslope along Myojinsho's submarine slopes. Fine tephra was elutriated from the rubbly summit of the volcano by upwelling plumes of heated seawater that persisted for the entire duration of the eruption. Ocean currents carried this tephra to distal areas, where it presumably forms a pyroclastic component of deep-sea sediment. Received: 5 December 1996 / Accepted: 17 September 1997     

Organic matter characterisation of the Selli Level (Umbria-Marche Basin, central Italy)

The Selli Level is a marker-bed in the Umbria-Marche Apennines that represents the regional sedimentary expression of the Lower Aptain Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a. This one to three-metre-thick interval shows a remarkable uniformity on a regional scale, with a green to grey marly lower part overlain by black shales. Bulk geochemical studies and an examination of palynofacies were carried out on three sections in order to characterise the distribution and nature of the organic matter in the Selli Level which has been poorly known hitherto. The organic content is medium (0.5 to 2.9% TOC) in the basal part and higher (4.5% on average, and up to 18% TOC) in the black shales. Pyrolysis and palynological data indicate that the organic matter is mainly of marine origin. The geochemical characteristics of the Selli Level are compared to other, more or less organic-rich marker-beds in the Cretaceous succession of the Umbria-Marche Apennines.

Abstract

Le Niveau Selli est un niveau-repère des Apennins d'Ombrie-Marches qui correspond à l'enregistrement régional de l'événement anoxique océanique 1a. Ce niveau, épais de un à trois mètres, présente une remarquable uniformité à l'échelle régionale avec une partie inférieure argileuse, verdâtre à grise, surmontée par des black shales. Des analyses géochimiques et l'examen des palynofacies ont été entreprises sur trois coupes afin de caractériser le contenu en matière organique du niveau Selli, jusqu'à présent mal connu. Les teneurs en carbone organique sont moyennes (0,5 à 2,9% COT) dans la partie basale et élevées (4,5% en moyenne et jusque 18% COT) dans les black shales. Les résultats de pyrolyse et des observations palynologiques indiquent que la matière organique est essentiellement d'origine marine. Les caractéristiques géochimiques du niveau Selli sont comparées aux autres niveaux repères, plus ou moins riches en carbone organique, qui émaillent la série du Crétacé du basin d'Ombrie-Marches.     

Bioistratigraphical and sedimentological study of Upper Senonian–Lower Eocene sediments of Tripolitza Platform in central Crete (Greece)

The stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental implications of a section in the Upper Senonian to Lower Eocene carbonates of the Tripolitza Platform in central Crete are discussed in this paper. The lower part (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian) of the succession consists of about 75 m of thickly bedded, light to dark grey limestones, dolomitic limestones and dolomites that were deposited on an inner carbonate platform. It is characterized by stratified bioclastic rudist facies (shelly limestone) associated with foraminifera and especially with species of the Rhapydioninidae family. These are overlain by 35 m of crystalline light grey dolomites that were deposited on a very restricted internal platform, characterized by intertidal-supratidal facies. The overlying 75-m-thick light grey dolomitic limestones and dolomites are characterized by the presence ofRhapydionina liburnicaStache, and in the uppermost part byNeobalkhania bignotiCherchi, Radoicic & Schroeder, dating it as Late Maastrichtian. The facies, cryptalgal laminites with fenestrae of varying dimensions, suggest relatively extensive subaerial exposure. Possible pedogenic textures are common in this sequence and especially in the uppermost part, which coincides with the K/T boundary. The presence ofPseudonummoloculina heimi(Bonet) at two levels in the Maastrichtian succession suggests transportation of Middle-Late Cenomanian sediments from emergent blocks of the platform during this period. A gap is suspected, for regional stratigraphic reasons, between this horizon and the next which containsSpirolinasp. and “Pseudochrysalidina” sp., dating it as Early-Middle Eocene.     

城步铺头黄铁矿床再研究

位于湖南中部的城步铺头黄铁矿床,是产于泥盆系基维特阶的层状矿床,1984年作者在本刊报导过这个矿床的沉积环境。根据新的资料,再次对它的成因进行研究。该矿床位于华南古大陆边缘裂谷系的北东向深水盆地中,含矿岩系由暗色的硅质岩-泥灰岩组成,矿体呈层状整合产出,以黄铁矿为主,硫同位素以富含32S为特点（δ34S＝-17．4‰～-30.10‰）。含矿岩系及矿石中,有机质含量较高（3％～5％）,有机质类型为腐殖-腐泥混合类型,成熟度较高。矿石具致密块状及条带状构造,由大量草莓状黄铁矿组成,它们主要出现在致密块状矿石中。矿石及含矿围岩的稀土元素、微量元素组成,与现代大洋裂谷或隆起区中的热液沉积物的特征相似,表明它们具有相同的来源和成因,应属海底热液喷流沉积矿床,大量存在的有机质,对于矿床的形成也起了重要的作用。     

冀中晋县凹陷区地表地球化学勘查研究

冀中晋县凹陷内汪气藏高原含经氢组分,硫化氢既对油田开采产生危害及又是硫的一种特殊资源,查明该区石油及硫化氢的分布和贮量为安全开发区资源是非常得要的,介绍了在该区开展的地表地球化学勘探方法,通过对地表土壤中硫化氢和硫酸烃等地球化学指标的研究明了本区油气藏的分布和硫化氢的分布。