时域激电法单极-偶极装置在铅-锌矿勘查中的应用效果

文章描述了测区地质概况和岩(矿)石电性特征,结合图示简述了测深装置原理、布极方式、探测深度等.通过时间域激发极化法电阻率和充电率特征,根据中间梯度法推测了断裂和主要岩性分界,浸染状铅-锌金属硫化物在平面上的走向和矿化范围,依据单极-偶极测深能够有效地确定含铅锌浸染状金属硫化物矿体空间位置,结合点源梯度剖面上充电率异常特征,推测了极化体产状.钻探验证在断层中见铅锌矿化,取得了较好的地质效果.     

冲绳海槽西南部新发现"通道-天然堤"系统的成因

Sibuet等(1998)首次发现了冲绳海槽西南部发育有两条大型的海底“通道一天然堤”沉积系统。这一大型海底冲积扇典型组成单元的发现为冲绳海槽南部以海底峡谷为主要渠道的陆源物质输运作用和浊流沉积作用提供了直接证据。结合地球物理调查资料,同时对比其他典型区域的特征,对其成因和形成时代进行了初步探讨。     

中国阿尔泰造山带花岗岩Pb同位素组成特征:幔源成因佐证及陆壳生长意义

为进一步对阿尔泰造山带花岗岩进行物源示踪研究,本文选择几个较典型的同造山和后造山不同类型的花岗岩以及相伴生的基性岩进行长石Pb同位素的测定。结果显示花岗岩206Pb/204Pb范围为17.997~18.921,平均值为18.269;207Pb/204Pb范围为15.460~15.599,平均值为15.528;208Pb/204Pb范围为37.661~38.262,平均值为37.954;其μ值为9.19~9.71,集中于9.30~9.60,与典型的壳源花岗岩明显不同。在源岩判别图解上,主要落在洋岛玄武岩和岛弧玄武岩的范围内,所有点远离上地壳、下地壳和深海沉积物,其源区性质类似于洋岛玄武岩和岛弧玄武岩,与花岗岩同时代的伴生基性岩Pb同位素也具有相似的特征,说明两者可能具有相似的物源特征,即幔源组分。这与报道的Sr、Nd同位素的特征相一致,进一步证明阿尔泰花岗岩具有幔源组分。这种特点与其他造山带(如华南、喜马拉雅)明显不同,显示阿尔泰花岗岩的特殊性。该研究从另一个侧面证明中亚造山带存在一定规模的显生宙陆壳生长。     

平台中心角对岩石抗拉强度测定影响的数值分析

岩石抗拉强度是岩石的一个重要力学参数,在测试岩石抗拉强度的平台巴西盘劈裂试验中,平台中心角对测试结果会产生重要影响,但测试中对此角度尚无严格规定,从而造成抗拉强度测试结果有很大的离散性。从细观的角度着手,应用数字图像技术对岩石材料内部不同细观介质的空间分布进行精确测量和数值表达,建立与有限元网格之间的相互映射关系,并引入到原有的岩石破坏过程分析系统RFPA中,建立了能反映岩石非均匀性的平台巴西盘数值模型。通过对花岗岩断面图像进行处理,运用数值模型研究了平台中心角对平台巴西盘轴线应力分布、劈裂破坏模式和抗拉强度测定的影响,确定平台中心角的合理值应在20～30?的范围内,这与试验结果相一致,从机制上进一步分析验证了平台中心角的取值范围,为测试中平台中心角的选取提供了理论依据。     

中太平洋海山富钴结壳与基岩关系的研究

对我国首次取得的中太平洋海山基岩和富钴结壳样品的结构构造、矿物和化学组成特征的研究表明,该区主要基岩类型为碱性玄武岩、磷块岩、磷酸盐化碳酸盐岩和燧石等,碱性玄武岩分布最广,并均有不同程度的风化.观察表明,富钴结壳的载体可以是各种岩性的基岩.玄武岩、风化火山岩和磷块岩上的结壳厚度比燧石的大,有较高的经济价值,是选矿冶炼的主要对象.对于调查区内富钴结壳形态总体上可分为三种类型:板状、砾状和结核状结壳.从以下四个方面探讨结壳与基岩之间的关系:(1)海水、基岩和结壳中主要金属元素含量特点;(2)通过聚类分析方法探讨结壳与基岩之间的亲疏程度;(3)结壳的分布特征;(4)不同基岩类型对结壳生长的影响.分析结果表明,调查区内的火山岩及磷块岩对结壳形成的贡献大(比其他类型岩石).     

Conceptual modelling to assess the influence of hydro-climatic variability on runoff processes in data scarce semi-arid Andean catchments

Using hydro-meteorological time series of 50 years and in situ measurements, the dominant runoff processes in perennial Andean headwater catchments in Chile were determined using the hydrological model HBV light. First, cluster analysis was used to identify dry, wet and intermediate years. From these, sub-periods were identified with contrasting seasonal climatic influences on streamflow. By calibrating the model across different periods, impacts on model performance, parameter sensitivity and identifiability were investigated, providing insights into differences in hydrological processes. The modelling approach suggested that, independently of a dry or wet period of calibration, the streamflow response is mostly consistent with flux from groundwater storage, while only a small fraction comes from direct routing of snowmelt. The variation of model parameters, such as the groundwater rate coefficient, was found to be consistent with differing recharge in wet and dry years. The resulting snowmelt–groundwater model is a realistic hypothesis of the hydrological operation of such complex, data scarce and semi-arid Andean catchments. This model may also be a useful tool for predictions of seasonal water availability and a basis for further field studies.     

Toward the feldspar alternative for cosmogenic 10Be applications

The possibility of quantifying surface processes in mafic or volcanic environment using the potentialities offered by the in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides, and more specifically by the in situ-produced ¹⁰Be, is often hampered by the rarity of quartz minerals in the available lithologies. As an alternative to overcome this difficulty, we explore in this work the possibility of relying on feldspar minerals rather that on quartz to perform in situ-produced ¹⁰Be measurements in such environments. Our strategy was to cross-calibrate the total production rate of ¹⁰Be in feldspar (P_10fsp) against the total production rate of ³He in pyroxene (P_3px) by measuring ³He and ¹⁰Be in cogenetic pyroxene (³He_px) and feldspar (¹⁰Be_fsp). The samples were collected from eight ignimbritic boulders, exposed from ca 120 to 600 ka at elevations ranging from 800 to 2500 m, along the preserved rock-avalanche deposits of the giant Caquilluco landslide (18°S, 70°W), Southern Peru. Along with data recently published by Blard et al. (2013a) at a close latitude (22°S) but higher elevation (ca. 4000 m), the samples yield a remarkably tight cluster of ³He_px - ¹⁰Be_fsp total production ratios whose weighted-mean is 35.6 ± 0.5 (1σ). The obtained weighted-mean ³He_px - ¹⁰Be_fsp total production ratio combined with the local ³He_py total production rate in the high tropical Andes published by Martin et al. (2017) allows to establish a total SLHL ¹⁰Be in situ-production rate in feldspar mineral (P_10fsp) of 3.57 ± 0.21 at.g⁻¹.yr⁻¹ (scaled for the LSD scaling scheme, the ERA40 atm model and the VDM of Lifton, 2016).Despite the large elevation range covered by the whole dataset (800–4300 m), no significant variation of the ³He_px - ¹⁰Be_fsp total production ratios in pyroxene and feldspar was evidenced. As an attempt to investigate the effect of the chemical composition of feldspar on the total ¹⁰Be production rate, major and trace element concentrations of the studied feldspar samples were analyzed. Unfortunately, giving the low compositional variability of our dataset, this issue is still pending.     

弹性波入射时半圆弧凹陷地形对地表位移影响研究

基于数值模拟方法系统研究脉冲与正弦SH波及P波垂直入射半圆弧凹陷场地时的地表位移响应,并与相应解析解进行了对比分析。P波入射时,半圆弧凹陷场地由于P波与反射SV波的干涉产生Rayleigh波,会对场地自由表面的稳态位移响应幅值产生较大影响。凹陷内部的归一化Z向位移幅值相比没有考虑Rayleigh波生成时有较大的不同,其在凹陷边缘处没有什么变化,而在凹陷向两侧延伸的方向,会有压缩作用;归一化X向位移幅值在凹陷内部无太大变化,在凹陷向两侧延伸的方向,会有波动状的归一化X向位移幅值。     

Comparison of Phytoplankton Communities Between Melt Ponds and Open Water in the Central Arctic Ocean

Climate warming has a significant impact on the sea ice and ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean.Under the increasing numbers of melt ponds in Arctic sea ice,the phytoplankton communities associated with the ice system are changing.During the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition cruise in summer 2016,photosynthesis pigments and nutrients were analyzed,revealing differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water in the central Arctic.Photosynthetic pigment analysis suggested that Fuco(5-91μg m^-3)and Diadino(4-21μg m^-3)were the main pigments in the open water.However,the melt ponds had high concentrations of Viola(7-30μg m^-3),Lut(4-59μg m^-3)and Chl b(11-38μg m^-3),suggesting that green algae dominated phytoplankton communities in the melt ponds.The significant differences in phytoplankton communities between melt ponds and open water might be due to the salinity difference.Moreover,green algae may play a more important role in Arctic sea ice ecosystems with the expected growing number of melt ponds in the central Arctic Ocean.     

Holocene precipitation δ18O as an indicator of temperature history in arid central Asia: an overview of recent advances

Holocene δ¹⁸O records from various archives (ice cores, cave stalagmites, and peat sediments) from the Xinjiang region of northwestern China, in arid central Asia (ACA), are all derived ultimately from local precipitation δ¹⁸O (δ¹⁸O_p). Nevertheless, they have been proposed as indicators of different climatic parameters, such as wetness and temperature changes. This article summarizes previously reported records of moisture sources for the Xinjiang region and the results of modern observations conducted at an ice core site and a peat site in the Altai Mountains. The findings are used to propose that the overall positive trends in Holocene δ¹⁸O records from the various archives from the Xinjiang region primarily reflect the Holocene's long-term warming trend. It is concluded that more site-specific modern observations are needed to further elucidate the environmental significance of Holocene δ¹⁸O records from this region, especially for the separation of different seasonal temperature signals present within δ¹⁸O records.