基于GIS的中心地理论在新农村建设当中的应用——以云南省安宁市为例

为了贯彻落实科学发展观,实现社会主义新农村建设应确立九个标志,其中最首要的标志就是实现农民居住集约化。通过居住的集约才能陆续实现包括:生产方式合作化;生产工具机械化;农民医疗教育制度化;城乡服务一体化。在云南省安宁市八街镇新农村规划中,以实例运用地理信息系统(GIS)技术、经济地理学中CHRISTALLER W中心地理论,充分结合云南乡村"多民族、小聚居"等特点,研究集约化聚居对农村经济发展及空间布局模式改进的意义。同时,探索如何运用GIS硬科学技术与中心地理论软文化实施共同为社会主义新农村建设服务的示范。     

我国中心城市货运外向服务功能空间体系

以中国地级以上城市为研究样本, 将货运量作为切入点, 把城市流模型改造为城市货运外向服务功能模型, 应用ArcGIS空间分析手段, 测算各城市水陆空等不同运输方式货运外向服务功能。对1989年和2008年的数据和计算结果进行对比, 揭示货运外向服务功能在中国城市体系中的空间分布规律和等级结构, 考察各城市在整个国家层面和所在区域货运空间联系中的地位和作用。结果表明:(1),我国中心城市货运外向服务功能北方分布广, 南方强度高, 以城市群为单位的外向货运密集区优势明显。(2),东部沿海省市的城市货运外向服务价值比重在近20年明显下降, 但相应货运比重上升, 表明其大宗货物运输的外向服务占全国比重明显上升。(3),不同运输方式的城市货运外向服务格局差异很大, 并在国际、区际、城市群和市域等不同空间尺度上的运输联系职能上形成分工。(4),中心城市物流外向服务能力可分为国家中心、跨区域(副)中心、省域(副)中心、(跨)市域中心四个功能等级。我国中心城市货运外向服务能力受多种复杂因素综合影响, 与城市GDP及货运规模成正比, 受区位熵反映的经济区位和运输区位影响很大, 与不同方式货运结构及运输距离密切相关。     

滇中红层高悬台地打井找水探讨

红层高悬台地"顶平、身陡、谷深",具有独特的水文地质特征和地下水富集规律。依据以抗旱打井取得的数据、资料并结合前人已有成果,探讨红层高悬台地在不同地形地貌和地质构造条件下的地下水赋存特点,显示地貌形态与地质构造协调控水。台地中部尤其是沉积盆地边缘,是抗旱找水打井的有利地段。台地边缘地下水可采资源和储存量较少,但在局部地貌汇水有利部位和构造发育地段,可形成局部富水块段,因而应按"贫区中找富块,贫块中找富点"的思路,寻找微型、小型储水构造,找准补给、径流、排汇和含、隔水层关系,准确定位、打井找水。受地形地貌条件所限,红层高悬台地尤其是边缘地带地下水位埋藏较深,宜尽量打深井揭至侵蚀基准面以下,才更有可能多出水。     

唐山市中心区土地利用潜力评价研究

以唐山市中心区土地利用为例,在分析研究区土地利用现状的基础上,综合研究影响城市土地利用潜力的因素,设计了评价流程,构建了土地利用潜力评价的指标体系和评价模型。结果显示,中心区总面积11 479.27hm2,其中无容量土地、容量完全损失土地、未利用的土地、低度利用的土地、合理利用的土地、过度利用的土地6种潜力类型的土地面积分别占总面积的27.86%,6.43%,5.69%,23.64%,28.62%,7.76%,土地利用率偏低,有很大的挖潜空间。通过对唐山市中心区城市土地利用潜力的评价,不仅为中心区的城市建设和土地利用提供依据,也为城市土地利用潜力评价的推广和应用提供方法和思路。     

A New Approach for Classifying Two Types of El Nino Events

In recent decades, the typical El Nio events with the warmest SSTs in the tropical eastern Pacific have become less common, and a different of El Nio with the warmest SSTs in the central Pacific, which is flanked on the east and west by cooler SSTs, has become more fre-quent. The more recent type of El Nio was referred to as central Pacific El Nio, warm pool El Nio, or dateline El Nio, or the El Nio Modoki. Central Pacific El Nio links to a different tropical-to-extratropical teleconnection and exerts different impacts on climate, and several classification approaches have been proposed. In this study, a new classification approach is proposed, which is based on the linear combination (sum or difference) of the two leading Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) of tropical Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA), and the typical El Ni o index (TENI) and the central El Nio index (CENI) are able to be derived by projecting the observed SSTA onto these combinations. This classification not only reflects the characteristics of non-orthogonality between the two types of events but also yields one period peaking at approximate two to seven years. In particular, this classification can distin-guish the different impacts of the two types of events on rainfall in the following summer in East China. The typical El Nio events tend to induce intensified rainfall in the Yangtze River valley, whereas the central Pacific El Nio tends to induce intensified rainfall in the Huaihe River valley. Thus, the present approach may be appropriate for studying the impact of different types of El Nio on the East Asian climate.     

1971—2010年中亚低涡活动特征

利用1971—2010年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,对中亚低涡的活动规律及不同移动路径对新疆天气的影响进行分析。结果表明:40年共出现305次中亚低涡过程,低涡成熟期维持日数共1166 d;中亚低涡随纬度分布有两个高频活动区域:47.5°~55°N (北涡) 和35°~47.5°N (南涡),北涡表现出明显的季节变化,夏季所占比例最大为52%,而南涡活动四季差别不明显。中亚低涡的成熟期生命史2~3 d占56%,4~5 d占27.5%,5 d以上占16.5%。低涡活动具有明显的月、季节、年际和年代际变化,且呈显著的年代际增加趋势。南、北涡均出现东北、偏东和东南向移动路径,并影响新疆不同区域的天气。中亚低涡可造成新疆出现低温大风天气 (干涡) 和强降水天气 (湿涡),干涡占60%,且季节分布比较均匀;湿涡占40%,季节分布差异大,其中,夏季最多占57%,秋、春季次之。     

GPS-RTK技术在高等级公路横断面测量中的应用

推出了在线路坐标系下任意中桩点的切线方位角和中桩点的坐标计算公式,求出了该中桩处横断面上任意点的坐标,提出了将GPS-RTK技术应用于路线横断面测量的基本思路和数据处理方法.     

基于C语言的斜角坐标量化图形实现方法

本文使用C语言为软件开发平台,以二维坐标系中的斜角坐标系中心组合图形为例,设计程序并为开发专题地图量化信息可视化创造一定的前提条件。本文集中介绍了量化图形的数学基础、量化图形可视化变量与算法设计、设计流程以及设计的具体过程,并对结果进行分析,阐述开发专题地图量化信息可视化的必要性和实用性,并为使用面向对象的开发软件VC++提供一定的前提条件。     

Major, trace and REE geochemistry of the Ganga River sediments: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes

The sediments of the Ganga River from different depositional regimes in the Plain region such as the river channel, active flood-plain and the older flood-plain sediments from the inter-fluve region were analysed for major, trace and the rare earth elements (REEs). These are compared with catchment zone sediments of the river and probable source rocks in the Himalaya. The lower CIA values between 48 and 54.7 for the catchment sediments indicates that the sediments supplied to the Ganga Plain are chemically immature and subjected mostly to physical weathering due to higher erosion rates in the Himalaya. The CIA values ranging between 55 and 74, with average value of 59, 61.4 and 67 for sediments from the Plain's bed-load, active flood-plain and older flood-plain from the inter-fluve region indicates that silicate weathering of Ganga River sediments has occurred only after entering into the plains. This is likely because of higher residence time and change in the climate from cold-frigid in the Himalaya to tropical sub-humid in the plains. Therefore, the use of geochemical data on ancient system to infer climate in their source region may not always be true. Although the CIA values indicate a moderate chemical weathering in the plains, it is far from impressive. Dominance of physical weathering in the catchment region and lower degree of chemical weathering in the Plains indicate that weathering of sediments supplied by Himalayan Rivers, particularly the Ganga River may not have affected the atmospheric CO₂ to a significant level as is generally believed. Thus the net effect of the Himalaya on the CO₂ sequestration and consequent global cooling needs a re-evaluation.The plots of sediments in ternary diagram among La, Th, Sc and ratios involving Co/Th, La/Sc and Sc/Th indicate granitic to granodioritic source rocks to the sediments. The ratio plots involving relatively immobile Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and FeO along with REE plots suggest that out of the major Himalayan lithologies, gneisses and Cambro-Ordovician granites of HHCS have acted as the dominant source to the sediments.The plots of LogNa₂O/K₂O vs. LogSiO₂/Al₂O₃ and FeO/SiO₂ vs. Al₂O₃/SiO₂ diagrams show that the combination of processes including erosion, weathering, sorting and aeolian activity has together played a major role in progressively changing the chemistry from source rock to catchments bed-load to Plains bed-load, active flood-plains and the older inter-fluve sediments in the Ganga River system. The above plots demonstrate that as a result of above processes the ratios between the elements generally thought to be immobile and used in provenance studies does not always remain invariant and the linear trend line in the scatter gram between the two immobile elements show rotation around the fine grained end member.     

科技创新、贵在坚持——对我国大地构造中某些创新观点的回顾与反思

在国庆60周年之际,反思过去:先后提出"构造迁移"、"开合构造"、"中央造山带"、"大十字构造格架"等一些想法,由于未能持续开展深入研究,如同盖了几个"半截楼", 留下些许遗憾.