青藏高原对华北地区地震活动影响的统计学证据

基于中国各构造区1900年以来的本尼奥夫应变累积释放序列,采用协整分析和因果关系检验方法研究表明,青藏高原与华北地区地震活动的应变释放存在着长期均衡关系;在某种程度上,青藏高原地区地震应变释放是华北地区应变释放发生变化的原因;青藏高原对华北地区地震应变释放的影响存在约20多年的滞后效应.本文结果对两个构造单元的地球动力学研究提供了统计学证据.     

Urbanization,economic growth,and carbon dioxide emissions in China: A panel cointegration and causality analysis

Elucidating the complex mechanism between urbanization, economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions is fundamental necessary to inform effective strategies on energy saving and emission reduction in China. Based on a balanced panel data of 31 provinces in China over the period 1997-2010, this study empirically examines the relationships among urbanization, economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions at the national and regional levels using panel cointegration and vector error correction model and Granger causality tests. Results showed that urbanization, economic growth and CO₂ emissions are integrated of order one. Urbanization contributes to economic growth, both of which increase CO₂ emissions in China and its eastern, central and western regions. The impact of urbanization on CO₂ emissions in the western region was larger than that in the eastern and central regions. But economic growth had a larger impact on CO₂ emissions in the eastern region than that in the central and western regions. Panel causality analysis revealed a bidirectional long-run causal relationship among urbanization, economic growth and CO₂ emissions, indicating that in the long run, urbanization does have a causal effect on economic growth in China, both of which have causal effect on CO₂ emissions. At the regional level, we also found a bidirectional long-run causality between land urbanization and economic growth in eastern and central China. These results demonstrated that it might be difficult for China to pursue carbon emissions reduction policy and to control urban expansion without impeding economic growth in the long run. In the short-run, we observed a unidirectional causation running from land urbanization to CO₂ emissions and from economic growth to CO₂ emissions in the eastern and central regions. Further investigations revealed an inverted N-shaped relationship between CO₂ emissions and economic growth in China, not supporting the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Our empirical findings have an important reference value for policy-makers in formulating effective energy saving and emission reduction strategies for China.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市城市化与土地利用结构的Granger因果关系分析

在城市化与土地利用结构的协调发展成为焦点问题的时代背景下,以新疆乌鲁木齐市为研究区域,采用Johansen协整检验和Granger因果关系分析法,对乌鲁木齐市2000-2015年的城市化水平及5类代表性城市用地结构变化数据进行了处理,并对城市化与用地结构进行了因果关系分析。结果表明：（1）2000-2012年,乌鲁木齐市城市化水平由84.82%降至77.12%,呈下降趋势;2013-2015年由77.73%升至81.62%,呈上升趋势,造成这一现象的主要原因是非农业人口增长速率相对于农业人口增长速率较慢;（2）2000-2015年各类用地所占比例变化情况如下：居住用地比例均在26%以上,明显高于其他用地;工业用地比例较为稳定,均为15%~19%;公共设施用地2014-2015年明显下降,即从平均比例11.46%降至5.03%;城市道路用地比例较稳定,均为5.8%~7.5%;绿地比例呈上升趋势,由20.01%升至30.94%;（3）城市化与居住用地之间的Granger因果关系不明显,工业用地、公共设施用地、城市道路用地是引起城市化的Granger原因,城市化是绿地的Granger原因。对乌鲁木齐市城市化与土地利用结构进行因果关系分析,对城市用地格局的改善、土地利用战略以及有关政策法规的制定具有一定的参考意义。     

Quantum Theory and Geography: What Can Dr. Bertlmann Teach Us?

Quantum theory is introduced as a way to understand the world that is consistent with past and current notions in humanistic geography, while avoiding the errors of determinism and the limitations of positivism. Emphasis is placed on quantum concepts of causality, holism, and locality and their relationship to geographic thought. The implications of Bell's theorem with respect to locality are explored and the dynamic notions of twistor space and implicate order are introduced.     

Linear models with nearly frequency independent complex stiffness leading to causal behaviour in time domain

In the paper, several causal linear models leading to nearly frequency independent complex stiffness are studied in time and frequency domains. Along with Biot model other three hereditary models are introduced into analysis. They all ensure practical constancy for damping properties but have limitations concerned with an increase in the real part of complex stiffness of corresponding material elements, as frequency grows. A new suggested method deals with given mechanical system as a whole: the imaginary part of the system compliance is constructed assuming that all elements have constant stiffness (with a modification for imaginary parts near zero frequency) and further the imaginary part of the system is used directly for studying transient vibrations supposing causality of the given mechanical system. The corresponding real part (not needed in the transient response analysis) is determined by Hilbert transformation. Examples relating to systems with one, two and infinite (shear beam) degrees of freedom are carried out for five compared models, allowing to reveal advantages and shortcomings of the models. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

"碧利斯"引发广西异常暴雨的成因分析

利用常规气象资料和卫星云图等资料对“碧利斯”造成异常暴雨的成因进行了综合分析,结果表明:“碧利斯”登陆减弱成的低压进入广西为强降水提供了动力抬升条件;中低层低压环流与强盛的西南暖湿气流相互作用,为降水云团不断发生和发展提供“燃料”;低层水汽辐合、高层辐散和强烈的上升运动是造成异常暴雨的主要原因。     

论地质研究中的因果关系和相关关系——大数据研究的启示

我们对大数据两年多来的研究表明,大数据是一个非常有效的方法。一直以来,人们都是通过因果关系来认识世界的;而大数据不是,大数据是从数据出发,挖掘数据之间的相关关系,从而提升数据的价值。例如在矿床学研究中,人们往往过分关注矿床的成因,关注成矿与岩浆、流体与岩体之间的因果关系。实际上,流体与岩体、矿床与岩浆之间主要不是因果关系而是相关关系。早先的玄武岩构造环境判别图几乎都是按照因果关系的思路设计的,虽然取得了一定的效果但并不完美。我们采用大数据方法对全球全体玄武岩和安山岩的数据进行挖掘,取得了极佳的效果,主要依据的是元素之间的相关关系而非因果关系。多少年来,人们在科学研究的实践活动中习惯于对因果关系的追求。现在,科学的发展要求我们更加重视数据之间的相关关系,从对因果关系的追求转变为对相关关系的追求。实践表明,追求因果关系不可避免人为因素的干扰,而大数据方法挖掘数据之间的相关关系,在很大程度上避免了人为因素的干扰,因此,大数据的结果是真实可靠的。     

影响山西省气温变化的可能原因分析与检验

选取大气环流指数、太阳黑子、CO2浓度、能源消费等可能影响气温变化的因子,采用1960—2009年资料序列,运用计量经济学方法,对山西省年平均气温与相关因子的格兰杰因果关系进行了检验,结果显示:1)从20世纪60年代开始,亚洲极涡强度指数、亚洲纬向环流指数及全球CO2浓度均是山西年平均气温变化的格兰杰原因,而太阳黑子从20世纪70年代开始才明显影响到山西省平均气温的变化,且影响的隔年效应显著。2)因果关系检验的统计量对比表明,在影响因子中,亚洲纬向环流指数对山西平均气温的影响最为显著,持续时间也最长,影响山西年气温变化的根本原因是大气环流自身的变化规律,即自然因素是影响气温变化的主要原因。3)全球CO2浓度变化是人类活动的直接结果,也是山西平均气温变化的人为因素。节能减排,控制CO2浓度的快速增加,是保护气候资源的唯一可行的途径。     

穗深港物流业及其与珠三角城市群经济增长的关系

现代物流业与区域经济发展具有密切的关系,根据1990-2007年广州、深圳、香港物流业和3地的GDP、珠三角经济区GDP以及包括港澳在内的大珠三角城市群GDP数据,运用Granger因果关系原理,借助计量分析软件Eviews4.0进行分析,发现穗、深、港物流业及其与当地和珠三角城市群经济增长的主要指标之间具有明显的协整性,从统计意义上揭示了它们之间的因果关系,并就此关系进行了理性分析,为进一步研究物流业与城市和区域经济增长的定量关系、促进区域物流合理化提供依据.     

环境污染与经济增长之间关联性的理论分析和计量检验

基于环境-经济的简单理论模型利用跨期消费选择问题最优化求解和稳态方法分析了环境污染与经济增长之间的长期关系和短期关系。这将为环境污染与经济增长之间长期和短期关系的经验研究提供理论依据和技术支持。基于EKC假设,我们对中国1960~2000年人均CO₂排放量与人均GDP之间的长期关系和短期关系进行实证研究,结果表明人均CO₂排放量与人均GDP之间存在长期协整关系,呈现倒U型的环境库兹涅茨曲线关系,而在短期上,人均GDP单向正向Granger影响人均CO₂排放量,反过来未发现人均CO₂排放量对人均GDP有明显的影响关系。