三峡水库香溪河流域梯级水库浮游植物群落结构特征

于2005年10月、2006年1、4、7月对三峡水库香溪河流域3座水库(古洞口一级水库、古洞口二级水库和香溪河库湾)组成的梯级水库的浮游植物种类组成、优势种、群落结构、密度和生物多样性指数进行了周年调查研究.共鉴定出浮游植物7门58属121种(含变种),以绿藻和硅藻种类最多,绿藻有26属49种,占40.50%;硅藻14属41种,占33.88%;其次是甲藻,3属11种,占9.09%;蓝藻5属7种,占5.79%;隐藻3属7种,占5.79%;其它藻类仅占4.96%.浮游植物在古洞口一级水库共有25属31种,古洞口二级水库29属40种,香溪河库湾46属81种.优势度分析显示:古洞口一级水库藻类优势类群为硅藻门、绿藻门,古洞口二级水库为硅藻门、隐藻门和甲藻门,香溪河库湾为绿藻门、硅藻门、甲藻门和隐藻门.3座水库浮游植物年均密度分别为1.110×106、4.837×105和1.734×106 cells/L;其中,最高密度出现在香溪河库湾(4.87×106 cells/L),最低密度出现在古洞口二级水库(5.76×105 cells/L).运用主成分分析对梯级水库进行水质分析,表明沿着水库的梯度水质逐渐恶化.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在3座水库间无明显差异,而香溪河库湾Margalef丰富度指数显著大于古洞口一级、二级水库.前两个指数与浮游植物优势种的评价结果显示,香溪河流域梯级水库处于中污染状态.     

[专稿]长江上游水库群的热环境效应与修复对策

本文根据实测资料揭示三峡水库运行以来冬季下泄水温抬高5.32℃、夏初降低3.45℃、过程滞后30~43天,三峡水库冬季水温平均高于气温10℃,且随水库蓄水位和上游水库增加不断升高.长江是罕见的从高热河源流向低热潮湿地区的世界大河,干流三峡等大型水库流量大、库容大且基本没有温度分层,水库滞热、散热和下泄热量巨大,下游水温改变范围超过汉口.需要重视的两个宏观效应：一是超温大幅降低水库和下游水溶解氧（DO）,影响程度已与长江平均化学需氧量（COD）等污染同数量级,加上加速COD等耗氧,水温升高的污染危害更大;二是水库冬季巨大散热,11-1月库区平均散热强度241 W/m²、总热功率2.43亿kW,下泄潜在热量3.16亿kW、超过天然1.73亿kW,水库散发和下泄热量相当于全国平均用电功率.2030年上游水电按规划全面建成后,冬季上游水库群还将附加吸热2亿kW（年热量2万亿kWh）.DO是大坝对天然河流环境改变的重要方面,三峡支流库区现在连年水华、干流出现缺氧,水温升高进一步降低DO浓度和促进环境耗氧是当前库区和下游生态环境的主要问题之一.冬季干热河谷输出热水、2030年后更多梯级水库吸热并通过河流转移到三峡水库,巨大附加散热量对周边环境、水资源、土壤墒情和局部气候影响需要认真研究.建议在干热河谷梯级水库大规模布局水面光伏（PPV）.一方面遮挡短波辐射抑制下游三峡入库水温进一步升高,另一方面利用梯级水电巨大储能、调节优势与光伏资源,互补互助、集约和大规模开发西南可再生能源与电力调节资源.本文研究显示PPV电量巨大和结构优势明显,是改善我国电力能源结构和提升水电的发展方向,还可带动更多绿色发展.     

Characteristics of oceanic mesoscale variabilities associated with the inverse kinetic energy cascade

Oceanic geostrophic turbulence theory predicts significant inverse kinetic energy(KE) cascades at scales larger than the energy injection wavelength. However, the characteristics of the mesoscale variabilities associated with the inverse KE cascade in the real oceans have not been clear enough up to now. To further examine this problem,we analyzed the spectral characteristics of the oceanic mesoscale motions over the scales of inverse KE cascades based on high-resolution gridded altimeter data. The applicability of the quasigeostrophic(QG) turbulence theory and the surface quasigeostrophic(SQG) turbulence theory in real oceans is further explored. The results show that the sea surface height(SSH) spectral slope is linearly related to the eddy-kinetic-energy(EKE) level with a high correlation coefficient value of 0.67. The findings also suggest that the QG turbulence theory is an appropriate dynamic framework at the edge of high-EKE regions and that the SQG theory is more suitable in tropical regions and low-EKE regions at mid-high latitudes. New anisotropic characteristics of the inverse KE cascade are also provided. These results indicate that the along-track spectrum used by previous studies cannot reveal the dynamics of the mesoscale variabilities well.     

一种利用级联滤波和松弛法的SAR图像配准方法

提出了一种利用级联滤波和松弛法的SAR图像配准方法。首先利用基于Beltrami流的偏微分方程与增强Lee滤波的级联滤波算法去除SAR图像噪声,然后对滤波后的参考图像提取边缘,对边缘特征点采用松弛法特征匹配,同时应用金字塔分级匹配策略由粗到精增加匹配的正确性。实验证明,本方法具有较高的配准精度。     

Impact of cascade reservoirs on continuity of river water temperature: A temperature trend hypothesis in river

Water temperature is an important habitat factor in river ecosystems that exhibits the characteristics of continuous change. Dam construction disrupts the continuity of river water temperature and reset it, thus exerting sharp rise/decrease on the characteristics of water temperature change. The effect of a dam on river continuity is directly related to the dam size. To explain this relationship, two rivers in China were selected: one river without reservoirs and one river with cascade reservoirs. Through the analysis of the longitudinal change of water temperature in free-flowing rivers, we found that water temperature changes continuously and steadily in the longitudinal direction. Based on this, a temperature trend hypothesis in river was proposed, and the discontinuity of the water temperature in the reservoir section was evaluated. The results are as follows: (1) In mixed reservoirs, river water temperature remained as continuous as free-flowing rivers. However, the river water temperature had a large discontinuity in the stratified reservoir. (2) Water residence time was used as an indicator of the continuity of reservoir water temperature. (3) Selective withdrawal of stratified reservoirs in January could not remove the discontinuity caused by itself, but it worked in June.     

BL Lac objects in the synchrotron proton blazar model

We calculate the spectral energy distribution (SED) of electromagnetic radiation and the spectrum of high-energy neutrinos from BL Lac objects in the context of the synchrotron proton blazar model. In this model, the high-energy hump of the SED is due to accelerated protons, while most of the low-energy hump is due to synchrotron radiation by co-accelerated electrons. To accelerate protons to sufficiently high energies to produce the high-energy hump, rather high magnetic fields are required. Assuming reasonable emission region volumes and Doppler factors, we then find that in low-frequency peaked BL Lacs (LBLs), which have higher luminosities than high-frequency peaked BL Lacs (HBLs), there is a significant contribution to the high-frequency hump of the SED from pion photoproduction and subsequent cascading, including synchrotron radiation by muons. In contrast, in HBLs we find that the high-frequency hump of the SED is dominated by proton synchrotron radiation. We are able to model the SED of typical LBLs and HBLs, and to model the famous 1997 flare of Markarian 501. We also calculate the expected neutrino output of typical BL Lac objects, and estimate the diffuse neutrino intensity due to all BL Lacs. Because pion photoproduction is inefficient in HBLs, as protons lose energy predominantly by synchrotron radiation, the contribution of LBLs dominates the diffuse neutrino intensity. We suggest that nearby LBLs may well be observable with future high-sensitivity TeV γ-ray telescopes.     

基于GUID的多尺度核心要素数据级联更新方法研究

福建省核心要素数据包含4个比例尺,每年需要进行2次更新。在多尺度核心要素数据更新时,容易出现数据不一致性的问题,这些问题在数据质量检查时很难被发现,特别是属性的不一致性问题。通过引入GUID型字段可以将更新前后的核心要素数据关联起来,并开发基于GUID字段的变化要素提取程序,用于变化要素的快速提取,从而实现多尺度核心要素数据的级联更新。     

An improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm and its application in the optimization of cascade reservoir operation

ABSTRACT

A new improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA), the chaos catfish effect SFLA (CCESFLA), is proposed by coupling a local “refine search” mechanism and a “global incentive adjustment” mechanism. Chaotic technology is introduced in the local “refine search” mechanism to improve local search ability, by implementing more refined local search around the optimal individuals. The catfish effect mechanism is adopted in the “global incentive adjustment” mechanism to improve global convergence, by motivating the frogs to “jump out” of the local steady state. The operation optimization by the CCESFLA is carried out taking the Li Xianjiang cascade reservoirs in China as an example. Compared with SFLA, particle swarm optimization, immune SFLA and cloud SFLA, the average annual power generation using the CCESFLA can be increased by 6.7, 7.5, 3.0 and 0.8%, respectively. The convergence process of the CCESFLA is more stable, and its execution time is the least of the three improved SFLAs.     

1.2m地平式望远镜伺服控制和传动系统的特性研究--伺服系统校正网络在控制系统中的作用(二)

根据云南天文台1.2m地平式望远镜对近地卫星激光测距要求,以及对串联校正网络在控制系统中的作用分析和实际观测的结果,详细讨论了1.2m望远镜伺服系统校正网络以及经其补偿作用后系统的控制性能。得到在两点摩擦传动时,使用超前校正网络后,望远镜的快速跟踪性能得到了大大提高,能够达到的方位最大角加速度为10°/s2,方位最大角速度5°/s,满足跟踪近地卫星的要求。     

The relationship between runoff rate and lag time and the effects of surface treatments at the plot scale

Abstract

The manner in which both the seasonal and regional variations in storm duration, intensity and inter-storm period manifest in the runoff response of agricultural water supply catchments is investigated. High-resolution rainfall data were analysed for a network of 17 raingauges located across the semiarid (200–500 mm year^?1) agricultural districts of southwest Western Australia. Seasonal variations in mean storm duration, mean rainfall intensity and mean inter-storm period were modelled using simple periodic functions whose parameters were then also regressed with geographic and climatic indices to create spatial fields for each of these statistics. Based on these mean values, a continuous rainfall time series can be synthesized for any location within the region, with the rainfall depth within each storm being downscaled to 5-min time steps using a bounded random cascade model. Runoff from six different catchment surface treatments (“engineered” catchments) was simulated using a conceptual water-balance model, validated using rainfall—runoff data from an experimental field site. The expected yield of the various catchment types at any other location within the study region is then simulated using the above rainfall—runoff model and synthetic rainfall and potential evaporation time series under a range of climatic settings representative of regional climate variation. The resulting coupled model can be used to estimate the catchment area required to yield an acceptable volume of runoff for any location and dam capacity, at a specified reliability level, thus providing a tool for water resource managers to design engineered catchments for water supply. Although the model presented is specific for Western Australia's southwest region, the methodology itself is applicable to other locations.