尾矿库选址勘察渗漏性评价方法探讨

文中阐述了尾矿库选址中的工程地质和水文地质测绘、浅层地震和勘察工程、水文地质试验等对库区渗漏性进行评价的基本方法,并结合工程实例介绍实际工作中如何进行渗漏性评价及重点关注的问题。     

不同氧化还原条件下铅锌矿尾砂中重金属元素活化迁移规律

以广西大厂镇鲁塘铅锌矿尾砂为研究对象,通过淋滤实验研究了不同氧化还原条件下尾砂中Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb和As等元素的活化和迁移规律。结果表明：经高浓度氧化、高浓度还原条件处理的尾矿表现为pH<7的酸性环境,经低浓度氧化环境条件处理的尾砂呈现pH>7的弱酸性至弱碱性环境;尾砂中Cu、Cd元素活化迁移受pH值的影响明显,即高浓度还原和高浓度氧化条件可以促进Cu和Cd元素的迁移,酸性条件对Cu和Cd元素的迁移起到促进作用;Zn与Cd元素存在竞争吸附关系,但二者仍有明显差别;Pb和As元素受到还原条件的影响,能有效促进Pb和As元素的释放迁移。在淋滤实验前期,铅锌矿的表面阻力较小,由于环境酸碱性的改变,初始尾砂对重金属元素的吸附位能发生变化,重金属元素初期迁移能力得到加强;淋滤后期,矿物颗粒表面由于发生氧化还原反应,促使颗粒表面的阻力增加,重金属元素的溶出量减少,迁移能力受到抑制。     

基于生命周期评价的铜尾渣资源化利用环境效益——以制取蒸压砖为例

我国每年产生的铜尾渣超过1 500万吨,持续堆存会造成严重的环境危害,而资源化处理则通常能够充分利用铜渣当中的资源并一定程度上降低环境危害。通过生命周期评价方法,对铜尾渣资源化利用制取蒸压砖并副产铜精矿、铁精矿和重介质的工艺过程的环境影响进行了分析。结果表明,该技术方案最主要的环境影响为人体毒性(33 886 kg 1,4-二氯苯当量 /资源化1 000吨铜尾渣);水泥生产阶段环境负荷最高,在7种环境影响类别中均有最高的贡献;贡献最明显的关键物质为氮氧化物,其对富营养化、酸化、光化学污染贡献占比分别为94.1%、42.0%和24.3%。将生产蒸压砖和副产的铜精矿、铁精矿、重介质所避免的环境影响纳入考虑范围之后,发现该铜尾渣资源化方案能够取得明显的环境效益。     

The distribution and natural degradation of cyanide in goldmine tailings and polluted soil in arid and semiarid areas

Farmlands and rivers have been seriously polluted by cyanide from a goldmine tailings dam that collapsed in early spring of 1995 in Yining County, Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. The cyanide distribution in the polluted farmland and the abandoned tailings dam was studied, three and 4 years after the accident occurred. The results indicated that natural degradation of cyanide in soils is slower than in natural water bodies. The cyanide transport in the soil section is similar to freely soluble salts. In arid and semiarid areas, cyanide can be highly enriched in the salt crust in which the concentration is even higher than the fresh tailings debris though cyanide has decomposed for 4 years. In the polluted farmland, the sticky layer in the soil section can highly adsorb and enrich cyanide so it can partly prevent cyanide transfer to groundwater. According to the characteristics of cyanide natural degradation in soil, the measures for prevention and cure of soil polluted by goldmine tailing dam collapse have been discussed.     

利用三山岛金矿尾矿制备塑料母料

经磨矿作业后,金矿选别过程通常会产生大量细粒尾矿,三山岛金矿尾矿堆存量较大,尾矿资源丰富。尾矿中有价元素含量不高,尾矿中丰富的非金属矿资源尚未得到有效回收利用。本文以三山岛金矿尾矿为主要原料,进行了有价元素回收探索研究、分级提纯研究、表面改性研究以及制备PP,PE母料添料的试验研究。将分级提纯后的尾矿作为碳酸钙替代料制备的PP,PE母料添料具有良好的性能指标,实现节能减排,减轻环境负担的同时,减少橡胶原料的消耗。     

Composition and Useful Properties of Tailings of Marine Manganese Nodules and Crusts

ABSTRACT

Marine manganese nodules and crusts, when processed, yield tailings which may be utilized for environmental and economic benefit. The key to the reasonable and effective utilization of these tailings lies in making a systematic appraisal of their composition and properties. This article gives an introduction to the investigation of manganese tailings properties. The tailings have a high iron and/or manganese content, high surface area, high porosity, and fine grain size. Some tailings have a high rare earth element content which is valuable. They may also have high SO₃, arsenic, and uranium contents which are harmful. Depending on the process used to produce the tailings, there will likely be some differences in chemical composition, mineral assemblages, surface area and adsorption capability, pore diameter and volume, density and pH. In assigning potentially beneficial applications for these tailings, these differences should be taken into account to optimize utilization.     

基于流固耦合理论某尾矿坝失稳特性及稳定性分析

选用典型的尾矿库工程实例,采用流固耦合和强度折减法相结合对其尾矿坝进行稳定性分析,确定尾矿库渗流场分布及浸润线的位置,该浸润线位置与实测浸润线位置吻合较好。建议强度折减过程中尾矿坝的失稳准则,计算安全系数,确定潜在滑裂面的位置,并与极限平衡法计算出的安全系数及临界滑裂面位置进行比较,表明强度折减法得出的结果与Bishop法结果接近,流固耦合-强度折减法在尾矿库稳定性分析的可行性。在该基础上研究尾矿坝潜在的失稳模式,将尾矿坝潜在的失稳模式分为局部失稳和整体性失稳两种,局部失稳为尾矿坝的部分坝面发生滑移,整体失稳为整个尾矿坝坝体发生失稳,并分析导致该尾矿坝两种失稳模式的主要因素,认为浸润线埋深过浅是导致局部失稳的主要原因。     

温庄尾矿库堆坝模型试验及坝体稳定性分析

以温庄尾矿库为工程背景,通过室内堆坝模型试验,获得到了在坝体堆积过程中尾矿颗粒在库内沉积分布特征、浸润线的变化规律等基础资料。在此基础上,以多孔介质有效应力理论为依据,建立了多孔介质流-固耦合数学模型,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对该库尾矿坝的应力场与渗流场进行了分析,获得了坝体内的应力场及孔隙压力的分布规律,研究成果可为尾矿库的设计、施工和安全生产提供技术支撑。     

高浓缩分级尾矿上游法堆坝及模型试验研究

针对传统上游法尾矿库堆坝方法的缺陷与不足,提出了改进的上游法堆坝方法,即高浓缩分级尾矿上游法堆坝方法。基于尾矿库堆坝模型试验,以高浓缩尾矿堆存技术为指导,分别进行传统上游法和改进上游法的高浓缩尾矿堆坝模型试验,演绎尾矿库堆坝过程,测试并得出了堆坝过程中滩面尾矿沉积情况、尾矿颗粒分布规律及浸润线变化规律,并采用极限平衡法计算不同堆坝方式下坝体的最小安全系数。结果显示：高浓缩尾矿堆坝使沉积滩颗粒分布均匀,颗粒分级不明显,减少了互层和细泥夹层的出现,改善了坝体内部结构;改进上游法堆坝可以形成有利于排渗防洪的良好沉积滩滩型;稳定性分析结果表明,改进上游法堆坝方法可以使尾矿坝的稳定性提高19%～33%,研究成果可为新建尾矿库工程提供试验技术支撑。     

Total mercury in terrestrial systems (air-soil-plant-water) at the mining region of San Joaquín,Queretaro, Mexico

Deficient management of cinnabar mining left the San Joaquín region with high concentrations of mercury in its soils (2.4 – 4164 mg kg^-1). Numerous cinnabar mines have contributed to the dispersion of mercury into agricultural (0.5 –314 mg kg^-1) and forest (0.2 – 69 mg kg^-1) soils. Sediments are a natural means of transportation for mercury, causing its spreading, especially in areas near mine entrances (0.6 – 687 mg kg^-1). The nearness of maize crops to mines favors mercury accumulation in the different plant structures, such as roots, stems, leaves, and grain (0.04 – 8.2 mg kg^-1); these being related to mercury volatilization and accumulation in soils. Mercury vapor present in the settlements could indicate a constant volatilization from lands and soils (22 – 153 ng m^-3). The mercury levels found in the soils, in maize grain, and in the air resulted greater than the standards reported by the Official Mexican Norm (NOM) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Mercury in rainwater is due mainly to the presence of suspended atmospheric particles, later deposited on the surface (1.5 – 339 μg |^-1). Mercury dissolution was found in the drinking water (10 – 170 ng |^-1), with concentrations below those established by the NOM and the WHO. The contamination existing in the San Joaquín region does not reach the levels of the world’s greatest mercury producers: Almaden (Spain) and Idrija (Slovenia). It is, however, like that found in other important second degree world producers such as Guizhou (China). The population of San Joaquín, as well as its surrounding environment, are constantly exposed to mercury contamination, thus making a long term monitoring necessary to determine its effects, especially to people.