中国金属尾矿资源综合利用现状研究

金属矿山尾矿是一种含有微量金属矿物和大量非金属矿物的二次资源,近十年来中国金属矿产开发利用与金属尾矿持续堆积一直呈高速增长状态。经初步估算,仅2011年中国尾矿排放量就达13～14亿吨,但当前我国尾矿综合利用率尚不到10%。为了更有效的开发利用中国尾矿资源,本文在分析尾矿基本特征及十年来中国金属矿产资源开发与尾矿堆积现状的基础上,总结了当前尾矿综合利用两大途径—尾矿再选、尾矿整体利用两个方面的研究现状及取得的一些成绩。提高尾矿资源的综合利用率不仅是当前部分矿山解困的出路之一,而且可以带来长期的经济、社会、环境效益。     

GPS技术在尾矿库安全监测中的应用

本文对地理国情监测的具体案例,某尾矿库监测实施过程中主要技术进行了详细的描述。通过静态GPS测量方法完成了尾矿库控制测量工作,按国家统一坐标系解算了尾矿库基础控制点、监测点等坝体要素的三维坐标,并和尾矿库监测点的原始独立三维坐标进行对照、比较,根据不同高程基准坝体高差变化、尾矿库设计高度等坝体数据进行综合分析,绘制高程标注图。研究结果为尾矿库安全运行提供了准确、可靠的监测数据及相关合理建议。     

Trace metals associated with deep-sea tailings placement at the Batu Hijau copper–gold mine,Sumbawa, Indonesia

The Batu Hijau copper–gold mine on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia operates a deep-sea tailings placement (DSTP) facility to dispose of the tailings within the offshore Senunu Canyon. The concentrations of trace metals in tailings, waters, and sediments from locations in the vicinity of the DSTP were determined during surveys in 2004 and 2009. In coastal and deep seawater samples from Alas Strait and the South Coast of Sumbawa, the dissolved concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb and Zn were in the sub μg/L range. Dissolved copper concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.65 μg/L for all depths at these sites. Dissolved copper concentrations were the highest in the bottom-water from within the tailings plume inside Senunu Canyon, with up to 6.5 μg Cu/L measured in close proximity to the tailings discharge. In general, the concentrations of dissolved and particulate metals were similar in 2004 and 2009.     

基于液化流动模型的尾矿坝地震响应分析

针对传统等效线性法对尾矿坝地震响应分析结果与实际情况存在一定的出入的问题,通过振动台模型试验和数值计算结果比对验证数值计算方法的可行性,运用考虑液化后尾矿砂流动特性的孔压上升模型,基于完全非线性动力分析方法,对尾矿坝地震响应进行分析计算,通过对坝顶位移和加速度的监测结果进行分析,得出坝顶的加速度放大系数以及坝顶位移最大值;并由坝体水平方向位移云图、竖直方向位移云图及位移矢量图,判断可能发生局部滑坡的位置;对坝体内液化情况进行判定,得到尾矿坝的地震响应规律,为尾矿坝抗震设计提供一定的理论参考.     

Modeling of self‐desiccation in a cemented backfill structure

After placement of cemented tailings backfill (CTB), which is a mixture of tailings (man‐made soil), water, and binder, into underground mined‐out voids (stopes), the hydration reaction of the binder converts the capillary water into chemically bound water, which results in the reduction of the water content in the pores of the CTB, thereby causing a reduction in the pore‐water pressure in the CTB (self‐desiccation). Self‐desiccation has a significant impact on the pore‐water pressure and effective stress development in CTB and paramount and practical importance for the stability assessment and design of CTB structures and barricades. However, self‐desiccation in CTB structures is complex because it is a function of the multiphysics or coupled (i.e., thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical) processes that occur in CTB. To understand the self‐desiccation behavior of CTB, an integrated multiphysics model of self‐desiccation is developed in this study, which fully considers the coupled thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical processes and the consolidation process in CTB. All model coefficients are determined in measurable parameters. Moreover, the predictive ability of the model is verified with extensive case studies. A series of engineering issues are examined with the validated model to investigate the self‐desiccation process in CTB structures with respect to the changes in the mixture recipe, backfilling, and the surrounding rock and curing conditions. The obtained results provide in‐depth insight into the self‐desiccation behavior of CTB structures. The developed multiphysics model is therefore a potential tool for assessing and predicting self‐desiccation in CTB structures.     

尾矿坝垮塌机制与溃决模式试验研究

基于云南拉拉铜矿小打鹅尾矿库工程设计资料,采用现场排放尾矿砂为试验材料,进行了尾矿堆积坝在洪水情况下发生垮塌破坏的模型试验。通过水流控制系统模拟尾矿坝遭遇洪水情况,采用侧面示踪点、水位测压管、应力传感器以及数码摄像机等设备获得了尾矿坝溃决过程中坝坡的位移矢量演化、浸润线与应力的变化特性以及坝体破坏发展过程,揭示了洪水作用下尾矿坝的垮塌机制和溃决模式。试验结果发现：尾矿堆积坝的浸润线变化存在滞后性;在洪水入库致库区最高设计洪水水位过程中,靠近坝坡中部处水平方向的总应力增量较垂向总应力增量大,增大的水平应力是坝体产生破坏的重要因素之一;洪水导致坝坡尾矿砂所受的渗透力、上浮力、重力以及孔隙水压力增大,削弱了坝体材料的黏聚力,并加大了自身荷载,降低了坝体的稳定性;尾矿坝溃决模式一般为逆流渐进型,破坏先是从坡脚处发生,继而向上游发展,呈现牵引式发展,破坏的滑动面由多个弧形滑移面构成。研究成果加深了对尾矿堆积坝垮塌机制和溃决模式的认识,并在洪水灾害的预防和控制方面作了一些新的探索     

含水率影响下尾矿砂内摩擦角随标贯击数变化研究

尾矿砂样品在运输和存放过程中均存在易扰动的特点,但考虑到工程造价以及人力资源等因素,目前在大部分上游式尾矿坝的工程地质勘察中难以建立现场试验室,所得抗剪强度指标与实际情况存在一定误差。针对这种现状,结合某铅锌矿尾矿坝现场试验结果,从现场简易试验获得的含水率和标准贯入击数进行分析,并对基于含水率影响下尾矿砂内摩擦角随标准贯入击数变化规律进行了研究,提出了考虑上覆压力作用下标准贯入击数的修正公式,并推出了用标准贯入击数估算尾矿砂内摩擦角的方法。通过几个实例验证：除当修正后的标准贯入击数N1>8（5%< <20%）情况下以外,该方法均能够有效地估算尾矿砂内摩擦角。研究结果表明,该方法在以后的上游式尾矿堆积坝的工程地质勘察工作中具有较强的应用价值。     

基于不同溃口形态的尾矿坝溃决泥浆流动特性试验研究

以云南玉溪矿业有限公司秧田箐尾矿库设计资料为依托,依据相似原则,采用重庆大学自行研制开发的尾矿坝溃决破坏模拟试验台,基于尾矿坝溃决的口门形态,探索了坝体在1/4、1/2以及全部瞬间溃决3种情况下的下泄泥浆流动特性。试验结果表明：（1）溃坝口门形态对下泄泥浆的冲击力、淹没范围以及演进规律有较大的影响;（2）泥浆在下游各特征过流断面处的演进规律具有较明显的龙头衰减过程,龙头速度较大,泥深以及泥浆冲击力呈现小-大-小的分布,具有较长的拖尾衰减现象;（3）随着溃口逐渐加大,泥浆在下游同一过流断面处的冲击力和泥深呈明显增大趋势,其增大趋势表现为非线性;（4）泥浆流态在下游90°弯道处发生强烈扰动,在弯道内侧出现涡流现象,而在外侧出现反射现象,瞬间全溃下泄泥浆形成的涡流范围和反射波强度较坝体1/2和1/4溃决情况明显;（5）受溃口形态影响,下泄泥浆龙头到达同一过流断面的时间也不同,全溃泥浆龙头到达下游同一过流断面处的时间远小于坝体1/2和1/4溃决情况。同时,随着溃口的不断减小,同一断面处泥浆冲击力峰值呈减弱趋势,到达峰值的时间也相应推迟。研究成果为不同溃坝口门形态下的尾矿坝溃决泥浆流动特性的深入认识提供了参考。同时,对指导矿山企业的防灾减灾工作具有重要的现实意义。     

尾矿库筑坝期三维渗流分析

尾矿库坝体的稳定性分析需充分考虑地形的复杂程度与边界的不规则程度,从而建立尾矿库的真实三维渗流场。利用SVOffice软件在不概化地形及边界的条件下构建尾矿库的真实渗流域,模拟了最后一期填筑在正常高水位（427.77 m）及汛期最高洪水位（434.50 m）两种工况下的三维瞬态渗流场。结果显示：两种工况下,尾矿最大日排水量均为6 100 m³,此时,堆积坝两侧浸润面均有溢出,远离排水井一侧的溢出范围更大,这主要是受渗流域的影响;库内初始水位对筑坝期渗流场的分布存在较大的影响,汛期洪水位筑坝初期浸润面位置最高。由模拟结果设计了5条排渗盲沟,保证了浸润面在堆积坝任何部位均未溢出。     

Numerical study of slurry consolidometer tests taking into account the influence of wall friction

Three tests of slurried Jeeropilly coal tailings in a purpose-built slurry consolidometer under three different loading sequences were numerically analysed to study the friction losses quantitatively. A simplified sedimentation-consolidation theory was proposed to link the initial suspended state and soil-like state of slurries. The numerical simulations provided good agreement with the measured, and indicated the noticeable friction losses, from 11.1% to 34.2%, due to factors such as the diameter of consolidometers and loading sequences. The average coefficient of the stress (pore water pressure) stood at 1 at the beginning, and declined to a stable value around 0.55 (0.67).