隔水隔泥岩土盘构成及其破坏模式研究

隧道施工开挖接近开挖工作面前方存在的突水突泥致灾构造,或通过隧道开挖轮廓线外存在的突水突泥致灾构造,由于开挖工作面与开挖工作面前方存在的突水突泥致灾构造间或开挖轮廓线与开挖轮廓线外存在的突水突泥致灾构造间隔水隔泥岩土盘厚度小于最小安全岩土盘厚度,隔水隔泥岩土盘在突水致灾构造中地下水或突泥致灾构造中黏土应力作用下失稳破坏,导致隧道施工突水、突泥灾害发生。本文以统计近十多年的隧道施工突水突泥灾害实例,以此为基础总结提出了导致隧道施工突水突泥灾害发生的隔水隔泥岩土盘构成类型及其破坏模式,分析提出了5种隔水隔泥岩土盘类型：夹黏土或不夹黏土的大小不一的破碎岩石块体（岩石颗粒、砂夹卵石）、裂隙黏土充填或裂隙密闭无充填的节理裂隙化岩体、黏土或断层泥、完整岩体、初期支护隔水隔泥岩土盘,并在这5种隔水隔泥岩土盘类型的基础上,提出了5种破坏模式：渗流（溃散）破坏、剪切破坏、软化破坏与爆裂破坏、断裂/爆裂破坏、弯断破坏;分析了隔水隔泥岩土盘构成类型与破坏模式间的相互关系。     

塔河地区奥陶系鹰山组储层特征及其主控因素

塔河地区奥陶系鹰山组碳酸盐岩是塔里木盆地重要的勘探开发目标,分析其储层特征和成因对深层油气勘探具有显著的指导意义。本文基于塔河地区岩心、岩屑、测井和地震等资料,分析了鹰山组碳酸盐岩储层的岩石类型、储集空间类型和储层类型等,对影响鹰山组储层发育的地质因素进行了系统总结,并依此总结了其储层发育的规律和模式。研究认为：鹰山组碳酸盐岩主要以亮晶颗粒灰岩、颗粒泥晶灰岩和泥晶灰岩为主;储集空间以粒间孔隙、晶间孔隙、溶蚀孔隙、裂缝和溶洞为主;储层类型多样,包括裂缝型储层、孔洞型储层、裂缝-孔隙型储层和裂缝-溶洞型储层等。鹰山组储层是古地形、沉积作用和成岩作用等共同作用的结果。其中：古地形是储层发育的背景,沉积期和表生期的古地形具有不同的作用;沉积作用是储层形成的基础,不同沉积相带岩石孔渗差异明显;成岩作用控制了储层的形成,最关键的成岩作用是溶蚀作用和破裂作用,多期多次多类溶蚀作用是储层形成的关键,破裂作用促进了储层的形成。     

中国西南典型地质背景区土壤重金属分布及生态风险特征

中国西南有22.3%的耕地重金属含量超标,区内广泛分布的峨眉山玄武岩和碳酸盐岩被认为是土壤中重金属的主要母质来源。目前,中国西南地区,尤其是峨眉山玄武岩分布区土壤重金属生态风险的研究程度仍有待提升,不同地质背景区（成土母岩）土壤中重金属含量、空间分布与生态风险缺乏对比。本文选择四川省典型地质背景区采集土壤样品,采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱等方法测定重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）含量和pH数据,结合地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,研究了重金属元素的含量、空间分布特征和土壤重金属生态风险。结果表明：①玄武岩区土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn的含量高于碳酸盐岩区,也高于四川和全国背景值。各元素含量分别为四川背景值的3.25、1.08、5.08、1.72、1.55、1.63倍和全国背景值的2.60、1.40、6.87、1.47、1.87、1.91倍;②As、Cr、Pb的高含量区域与碳酸盐岩分布区对应,Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn的高含量区域与峨眉山玄武岩的空间分布对应;③地累积指数表明玄武岩分布区土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn污染程度高于碳酸盐岩区;④研究区内生态危害程度较高的元素为Cd、Cu和Hg;其在玄武岩分布区“强生态危害”及以上的比例比碳酸盐岩区分别高出22.4%、1.15%和26.0%。本研究揭示：①研究区内土壤中重金属元素的含量、分布及生态风险与地质背景密切相关;②产生这一规律的原因在于母岩中元素含量的差异、成土过程中元素的地球化学行为及元素次生富集等因素综合作用的结果;③研究区土壤酸碱度偏低（pH平均值为5.5）,需预防土壤进一步酸化引起的重金属活化风险。     

扬子地块西北缘震旦系灯影组铅锌矿的成矿地质背景

按照“构造控盆、盆控相、相控矿”的思路,对铅锌矿形成的沉积盆地、含矿建造、控矿构造、岩相古地理等成矿条件进行研究,分析成矿特点,总结成矿规律。灯影期在扬子西北缘川西式基底上发育北东向、北北东向同生断裂,形成近北东向次级盆地和台地,构成台-盆相间的构造格局,次级盆地为局限盆地潮下相带沉积,台地边缘斜坡出现滑塌砾屑白云岩,沿同生断裂运移的含矿热液流体在角砾状白云岩中聚集成矿。研究结果表明,灯影组铅锌矿成矿明显受盆地半活动类型基底、镁质碳酸盐岩台地中次级盆地、控制次级盆地的同生断裂等因素的控制。     

Diagenesis and Restructuring Mechanism of Oil and Gas Reservoir in the Marine Carbonate Formation,Northeastern Sichuan:A Case Study of the Puguang Gas Reservoir

Abstract: Based on the technology of balanced cross-section and physical simulation experiments associated with natural gas geochemical characteristic analyses, core and thin section observations, it has been proven that the Puguang gas reservoir has experienced two periods of diagenesis and restructuring since the Late Indo-Chinese epoch. One is the fluid transfer controlled by the tectonic movement and the other is geochemical reconstruction controlled by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The middle Yanshan epoch was the main period that the Puguang gas reservoir experienced the geochemical reaction of TSR. TSR can recreate the fluid in the gas reservoir, which makes the gas drying index higher and carbon isotope heavier because C2+ (ethane and heavy hydrocarbon) and 12C (carbon 12 isotope) is first consumed relative to CH4 and 13C? (carbon 13 isotope). However, the reciprocity between fluid regarding TSR (hydrocarbon, sulfureted hydrogen (H2S)?, and water) and reservoir rock results in reservoir rock erosion and anhydrite alteration, which increases porosity in reservoir, thereby improving the petrophysical properties. Superimposed by later tectonic movement, the fluid in Puguang reservoir has twice experienced adjustment, one in the late Yanshan epoch to the early Himalayan epoch and the other time in late Himalayan epoch, after which Puguang gas reservoir is finally developed.     

碳酸盐白云化作用模式研究进展

碳酸盐白云化作用是白云石(白云岩)成因研究中一个重要领域,对不同碳酸盐白云化作用模式的总结和应用是白云石(白云岩)成因研究的重要内容之一,因而,进一步深入理解目前已有的不同碳酸盐白云化作用模式,将对今后更好地应用和改进现有的模式、甚至总结全新的模式都有重要的现实意义。在大量国内外文献资料分析的基础上,较系统地总结了目前国际上已有的经典碳酸盐白云化作用模式——近地表(浅埋藏)白云化作用模式(萨布哈模式、渗透回流模式、混合水模式)、中—深埋藏白云化作用模式(压实驱动模式、构造挤压模式、地形补给模式、热对流模式)、热液白云化作用模式和微生物白云化作用模式等研究的发展现状和存在问题。     

埃及Bakr—Amer油田古近系Eoc组储层特征

储层特征研究是评价碳酸盐岩储层物性、寻找油气富集区和落实剩余油分布的基础,通过对区域构造、地层和沉积特征的研究,利用统计和数学方法对Bakr-Amer油田Eoc储层物性、储集空间类型和控制因素进行了分析,认为受构造运动影响,储层在深部残余厚度大,但物性相对也较差,以压实、胶结和溶蚀作用为主。高部位残余厚度小,但受风化、淋滤和构造运动的影响,裂缝发育,储层物性好,以压实和溶蚀作用为主。     

High-Resolution Records of the Holocene Paleoenvironmental Variation Reflected by Carbonate and Its Isotopic Compositions in Bosten Lake and Response to Glacial Activities

Abstract: The Early Holocene paleoclimate in Bosten Lake on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin, southern Xinjiang, is reconstructed through an analysis of a 953 cm long core (BSTC2000) taken from Bosten Lake. Multiple proxies of this core, including the mineral components of carbonate, carbonate content, stable isotopic compositions of carbonate, Ca/Sr, TOC and C/N and C/S of organic matter, are used to reconstruct the climatic change since 8500 a B.P. The chronology model is made by nine AMS 14C ages of leaves, seeds and organic matter contained in two parallel cores. The climate was cold and wet during 8500 to 8100 a B.P. Temperature increased from 8100 to 6400 a B.P., the climate was warm and humid, and the lake expanded. The lake level was highest during this stage. Then from 6400 to 5100 a B.P., the climate became cold and the lake level decreased slightly. During the late mid-Holocene, the climate was hot and dry from 5100 to 3100 a B.P., but there was a short cold period during 4400 to 3800 a B.P. At this temporal interval, a mass of ice and snow melting water supplied the lake at the early time and made the lake level rise. The second highest lake level stage occurred during 5200 to 3800 a B.P. The climate was cool and wet during 3100 to 2200 a B.P., when the lake expanded with decreasing evaporation. The lake had the last short-term high level during 3100 to 2800 a B.P. After this short high lake level period, the lake shrank because of the long-term lower temperature and reduced water supply. From 2200 to 1200 a B.P., the climate was hot and dry, and the lake shrank greatly. Although the temperature decreased somewhat from 1200 a B.P. to the present, the climate was warm and dry. The lake level began to rise a little again, but it did not reach the river bed altitude of the Konqi River, an outflow river of the Bosten Lake.     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20141074Bao Xijie(Research Institute of Exploration and Development,Daqing Oilfield Company,PetroChina,Daqing 163712,China)Gather Optimal Processing and Application Effect of Prestack AVA Instantaneous Inversion