碳酸盐成岩作用研究现状与前瞻

碳酸盐成岩作用是沉积学最为活跃的领域之一,与之有关的研究成果会直接影响人们对碳酸盐油气储层形成机制和层控矿床形成机制的理解。近年来,碳酸盐成岩作用在多个领域取得了令人瞩目的研究成果,主要包括以下几个方面:(1)实验室沉淀白云石获得成功:人们模拟海水(泻湖)条件下的细菌硫酸盐还原环境,在常温下沉淀出具有序反射的白云石。(2)热液白云化作为新的主流模式成为关注的热点:人们已认识到热液白云岩储层、沉积-喷流型铅锌矿床和Mississippi河谷型铅锌矿床具有共同的形成机制,它们均受构造(伸展、走滑构造)和热流体流动的强烈控制。(3)深埋藏条件下封闭系统的白云化作用受到关注:一些对油气储集空间和层控矿床有较大意义的白云化作用主要是在相对封闭条件下发生的,在对岩石储集空间的变化的贡献上以及在相应的地球化学指标上不同于开放条件下的白云化作用。(4)混合水白云化模式受到质疑:人们重新研究了作为混合水白云化典型地点的美国威斯康星弧碳酸盐的成岩作用,根据流体包裹体分析、阴极发光分析、偏光显微镜观察及稳定同位素分析等方法并结合有机物成熟度的数据,得出威斯康星弧与白云化有关的水-岩相互作用是由与温度升高有关的浓卤水导致的,白云化作用是热水成岩作用的结果。(5)淡水环境的成岩机制受到挑战:新近研究证明,大范围的低位体系域中可以没有具化学活性的淡水透镜体,海水环境同样可以产生成熟的石灰岩,细菌硫酸盐还原作用可以引起海水对碳酸盐的不饱和。(6)锶同位素在海相碳酸盐研究中的广泛应用:由于锶同位素不像氧、碳同位素那样因温度、压力和微生物作用而分馏,矿物可直接反映流体的同位素组成,地质历史中海水锶同位素组成也具有独特的长期变化趋势,这使得海相碳酸盐的锶同位素组成在沉积期后流体示踪中得到广泛应用。(7)硫酸盐还原作用对碳酸盐成岩作用的影响受到重视:如BSR和TSR可减小SO42-对白云石沉淀(或白云化)的动力学屏障,其产物H2S和CO2可在不同条件下对碳酸盐储层产生影响,BSR和TSR可提高成岩流体锶含量,甚至在形成天青石矿床中也具极大的潜在价值。     

Seasonal and interannual behaviour of groundwater catchment boundaries in a Chalk aquifer

Groundwater catchment boundaries and their associated groundwater catchment areas are typically assumed to be fixed on a seasonal basis. We investigated whether this was true for a highly permeable carbonate aquifer in England, the Berkshire and Marlborough Downs Chalk aquifer, using both borehole hydrograph data and a physics‐based distributed regional groundwater model. Borehole hydrograph data time series were used to construct a monthly interpolated water table surface, from which was then derived a monthly groundwater catchment boundary. Results from field data showed that the mean annual variation in groundwater catchment area was about 20% of the mean groundwater catchment area, but interannual variation can be very large, with the largest estimated catchment size being approximately 80% greater than the smallest. The flow in the river was also dependent on the groundwater catchment area. Model results corroborated those based on field data. These findings have significant implications for issues such as definition of source protection zones, recharge estimates based on water balance calculations and integrated conceptual modelling of surface water and groundwater systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部马五~4亚段成岩作用及储集性能

鄂尔多斯盆地中部下奥陶统马家沟组第五段第四亚段（马五４亚段）储层经历了成岩环境为海底、早期大气淡水、浅埋、表生大气淡水和埋藏环境．控制孔隙演化的主要成岩作用是准同生白云石化、溶解、破裂和充填作用。储层孔隙类型多样，非均质性强，受控于岩相和成岩作用，尤其是表生溶解作用．     

The marine Triassic sequence stratigraphy of Lower Yangtze

Based on detailed field observation and multidisciplinary studies of integrated stratigraphy, the marine Lower and Middle Triassic of Lower Yangtze region is divided into five third-order sequences, the general approach of the outcrop sequence stratigraphical study of carbonate ramp is proposed, the pattern in the development of the Early and Middle Triassic sequence under the major regression is summarized, and the sequence stratigraphical and chronostratigraphical frameworks across various paleogeographical facies zones on the marginal platform are established. Project supported by the Stake Key Project “SSLC” and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49502022, 49632070).     

安徽淮南下寒武统沉积环境以及碳酸盐岩微相分析

华北地台南缘安徽淮南老鹰山剖面下寒武统猴家山组和馒头组的沉积环境和碳酸盐岩微相指示了３期地区性海进沉积旋回序列。假整合于前寒武系凤台组冰积砾岩层之上的猴家山组蒸发相白云岩和馒头组下段的深褐色页岩、钙质页岩和深灰色、灰色中厚层至薄层灰岩构成第１个海进序列;馒头组中段的页岩和薄层灰岩及馒头组上部的深褐色页岩构成第２个海进序列;第３次海进以近馒头组顶部的页岩出现为标志,至老鹰山组下段局部地区的剥蚀面作为中下寒武统的界限和第二次海退的终结。     

富钾海绿石的新发现:钾肥资源的评价研究的新方向

我国是一个人口众多的发展中国家,农业是国民经济的基础,农用钾肥主要都来自天然矿物资源,特别是我国东中部人口密集的主要农业基地的大部分省份,富钾的矿产资源十分贫乏。过去几十年来把蒸发盐建造的钾盐作为钾资源研究主要目标,到目前为止进展不大。根据最新矿产资...     

A new high-pressure phase of strontium carbonate

High-pressure and high-temperature experiments conducted in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell with a synchrotron X-ray diffraction method have revealed a phase transformation in the aragonite-type SrCO₃ at pressures above 10 GPa. The new phase has an orthorhombic symmetry and was confirmed to remain stable to 32 GPa. The Birch-Murnaghan equation of state for new phase was determined from the experimental unit cell parameters, with K₀ = 101 (± 16) GPa, K₀ = 4 (constrained value), and V₀ = 111.9 (± 2.2). This transformation in SrCO₃ is different from that in BaCO₃ as reported in previous studies. After decompression at ambient pressure, the high-pressure phase transforms to a metastable structure, which has an orthorhombic symmetry. This result should also resolve a dispute regarding the stable high-pressure phases in BaCO₃, which is an analog material of CaCO₃ and SrCO₃.This revised version was published in February 2005 with corrections to the Introduction and to the References.     

New type of potassium deposit: Modal analysis and preparation of potassium carbonate

A new type of insoluble potassium ore, newly found in North China, consists of microcline, dolomite, and pyroclastic particles of silty to clayey grade, falling into potassic dolomitic mudstone in petrological no-menclature. The geological surveys and explorations of the deposit by the Tianjin Bureau of Geological Survey evidenced that the main bodies of the potas-sium deposit elongated up to 1600 m with an average thickness about 85 m, and the concentration of potas-sium as K2O was around 1…     

全新世／冰期西赤道太平洋边缘海碳酸钙沉积旋回及其古海洋学意义

本文所研究的区域是西赤道太平洋的两个边缘海盆─—南中国海和苏禄海。分别对南中国海的ＧＧＣ—６孔和苏禄海的ＧＧＣ—２９孔的ＣａＣＯ＿３含量、浮游有孔虫动物群及氧同位素地层进行分析，并用浮游有孔虫转换函数方法对古温度进行分析，用以确定地层年代的气候分期。研究结果表明，本区Ｃａ－ＣＯ＿３旋回模式与太平洋型相反，而与大西洋型一致。即冰期时ＣａＣＯ＿３含量低，全新世冰后期ＣａＣＯ＿３含量高。冰期陆源物质供应的加强是控制本区ＣａＣＯ＿３旋回的主要因素。此外，冰期时南中国海海水溶解作用的加强是控制本区低ＣａＣＯ＿３含量的又一重要因素，而苏禄海受海水溶解作用的影响相对很小。     

南海北部ODP1148站中新世以来的碳酸盐含量变化及其古环境意义

对南海北部 ODP 114 8站采自孔深 4 6 5 m以上的 170 0个沉积物样品 ,测定了 Ca CO3含量、Ca CO3堆积速率、非钙质堆积速率、浮游有孔虫丰度、粗组分百分含量 (>6 3μm)、浮游有孔虫破壳率和底栖有孔虫在有孔虫全群中的百分含量。碳酸盐百分含量和碳酸盐堆积速率自 2 4 Ma以来的变化呈现逐步下降的趋势 ,但在 2 4 .0～ 15 .8、14 .2～ 11.6、10 .6～ 4 .8和 3.4～ 0 Ma四个时期具有高碳酸盐生产力 ,其中 10 .6～ 4 .8Ma的高生产力与印度洋和太平洋中新世晚期和上新世早期的“生物勃发”相对应。非钙质和碳酸盐两者堆积速率变化趋势在总体上相似 ,反映了陆源物质输入对碳酸盐生产力的影响。 3.4 Ma后非钙质堆积速率的大幅度增长主要与青藏高原和台湾岛的隆起有关 ,它们也是上新世晚期和第四纪 Ca CO3百分含量显著下降的主要原因。 2 4 Ma以来南海北部碳酸盐的保存逐渐变弱 ,而碳酸盐溶解作用逐渐增强 ,在 15 .8～ 14 .2、11.6～ 10 .6和 4 .8～ 3.4 Ma存在 3个显著的碳酸盐溶解事件 ,其中 11.6～ 10 .6 Ma的溶解事件与赤道太平洋和加勒比海的中—晚中新世“碳酸盐崩溃”事件相当 ,说明该事件具更广泛的全球影响