平果地区孤立碳酸盐台地风暴特征及展布规律

广西平果地区二叠纪,早三叠世发育了众多的孤立碳酸盐台地。孤立碳酸盐台地内的风暴岩至少可分出三类。Ⅰ类由下亚段粒序层和上亚段具叶状藻灰泥岩或具遗迹化石灰泥岩组成,形成在高能风暴流条件下.Ⅱ类由下亚段粒序层,中亚段纹层段和上亚段灰泥岩组成,其形成水能较Ⅰ类弱.Ⅲ类由具定向生物化石的泥粒岩组成,它是风暴流到达台地边缘后产生的回流形成的。不同类型风暴岩形成于不同环境。孤立碳酸岩台地上的风暴岩与开阔陆架风暴岩有一定差别.     

CaCO3生物矿化的研究进展——有机质的控制作用

生物CaCO₃是自然界分布最广泛的一类生物矿物,其组成除了无机相的CaCO₃外,还含有少量的有机质,包括水可溶(SM)和水不可溶有机质(IM),SM富含阴离子基团,是控制CaCO₃结晶的重要因素之一。通过有机—无机界面分子识别,有机质选择性地与CaCO₃晶体特定方向的面网相互作用,从而对CaCO₃的生长、形貌、多型及结晶学定向等产生明显的控制作用。有机—无机界面的分子识别机制包括静电、晶格几何匹配和立体化学互补等。仿生矿化的研究为进一步深入了解生物矿化的机理及制造高级复合材料提供了新的方法。     

Estimation of the REV size for blockiness of fractured rock masses

The representative elementary volume (REV) is the premise of the continuous-media method of analysis, and the investigation of the REVs of fractured rock masses is a fundamental area of rock mechanics research. The existence of an REV can be determined based on a variety of physical parameters. This paper presents an analysis of the REV from the view of blockiness, which is defined as the percentage of the volume of isolated blocks formed by fractures in the total rock volume. Seventy-seven types of fractured rock mass models were developed based on 7 classes of fracture persistence and 11 classes of spacing that are suggested by the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) fracture classification. Rock blocks in each of the 77 types of fractured rock mass models were identified using GeneralBlock to determine the variation in blockiness with model domain sizes, which were changed from 2 to 20 times the fracture spacing. For each model domain size 9 random realizations were carried out to reduce the effects of randomness. The coefficient of variation (C_v) was then used to quantify the variability of the 9 random realizations. The fluctuation in blockiness with the variation in the scale of the model region was also investigated. In this way, the size of the REV in these models can be calculated using the average and the variance of the blockiness as indicators of the convergence. The blockiness of these fractured rock masses can be determined at the REV volume. The results indicate that of the 77 models, 76 REV sizes are between 2 and 20 times the fracture spacing. The fractured rock mass with a wide fracture spacing and very high persistence (WS2–VHP) has a REV size that exceeds 20 times the fracture spacing. Thus, the WS2–VHP model should be investigated further to validate this concept.     

渤海海域深层低孔渗油气藏成因机制分析——以渤中1&2区块为例

渤海深层油气藏勘探潜力大,随着渤海勘探的深入,深层低孔渗油气藏已成为渤海勘探的必然选择。而深层低孔渗油气藏在成因类型和成藏机制上明显不同于先前的构造类油气藏。以渤中12区块为例,对其深层低孔渗油气藏成因机制进行深入剖析。研究表明,研究区深层低孔渗油气藏为先致密后成藏。根据深层成藏力平衡机制和浮力成藏下限理论,主要为以浮力运移动力为主的常规油气藏,以及以分子膨胀力为主的深盆致密油气藏,是两种不同成因机制的油气藏叠加在一起组成的复合油气藏。晚期原油两期充注成藏加之晚期碳酸盐胶结作用,导致古油藏的存在。先期原油的排酸作用,异常超压带虽然碳酸盐含量高,但是粒度较粗砂体碳酸盐胶结物含量较少,且颗粒溶孔也比较发育,另外超压使压实受抑制,原生孔隙得以保存,这都是深部致密带出现"甜点"的原因。研究成果对指导渤海深层勘探,拓展勘探领域有一定的借鉴意义。     

矿床三维地质建模及储量估算——以丰村铅锌矿径口矿段为例

钦杭成矿带是我国最重要的成矿带之一,丰村铅锌矿位于钦杭成矿带南段庞西垌地区,是区内典型的沉积热液改造型矿床。依据现代成矿预测理论,结合已有的地形地质图、勘探线剖面图、钻孔数据等资料,运用三维地质建模技术建立了丰村铅锌矿径口矿段的地表模型、断裂模型、地层实体模型、矿体模型。在此基础上分别应用地质块段法和块体模型统计法进行了矿体的资源储量估算,并将两种估算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,块体模型统计法比地质块段法应用范围更广,效果更精准,可以清晰表达矿体品位值变化特征,进而加深对矿体、矿床的空间分布规律的认识。同时,利用多元信息进行三维地质建模,可靠性高,可视化效果好。将传统的二维地质拓展到三维空间进行定位与定量化,有助于分析矿区地质构造特点与矿床成因,是现代寻找矿床的一种有效手段。     

应用去除碳酸盐法研究滇黔地区“白泥塘层”硅质成分的来源

稀土元素是研究沉积岩的形成条件及环境特征的重要指标,本文以桂林寨底地下河系统中岩石样品为研究对象,采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱进行稀土元素测试分析,研究了该地区碳酸盐岩的形成环境。结果表明:碳酸盐岩的稀土总量(∑REEs)偏低,不同地层岩性间的∑REEs具有一定差异性,总体上信都组泥质粉砂岩(D₂x)的∑REEs最高,其次为融县组(D₃r)厚层灰岩和桂林组灰岩(D₃g),东村组厚层灰岩(D₃d)和额头村组灰岩及白云质灰岩(D₃e)的∑REEs较低。整体上表现为重稀土元素相对于轻稀土元素富集的特征,且Ce具有较明显的负异常,而Eu无异常或异常不明显,不同于碎屑岩的轻稀土相对富集、Eu负异常、Ce无异常或异常不明显的特征。这些特征表明研究区碳酸盐岩的形成环境为氧化-海相碳酸盐岩沉积环境,可为定量化判别岩溶区碳酸盐岩形成环境提供依据。     

从原岩建造角度探讨辽河群的形成环境

文章通过对辽河群上百条实测剖面中岩石类型进行了加权平均统计,得出了辽河群中各种岩石类型的百分含量;对辽河群中已有的上千组岩石化学数据进行了筛选,选取具有代表性的94组数据,用以对辽河群原岩建造恢复和形成构造环境的讨论。认为辽河群的原岩建造为巨厚的陆源沉积碎屑岩—内源沉积碳酸盐岩(夹少量火山岩)建造,具有典型的大陆架沉积特征;这在威尔逊旋回中属于成年期洋盆(大西洋)阶段所独具的沉积特征,这个洋盆暂且称之为辽吉古元古洋。     

兰坪铅锌矿架崖山矿段三维模型研究

兰坪铅锌矿是我国最大铅锌矿,对该矿山进行数字化意义重大。本文通过对兰坪铅锌矿架崖山矿段的各类数据进行分析研究,依据地质统计学原理和方法,采用自行编制的"矿床数学-经济模型"软件包和国外矿业软件Surpac,建立了该矿段的三维立体空间模型。实现了资料数据的动态查询、图形绘制、储量计算和矿体三维可视化等多项功能,极大地方便了矿山的生产管理。同时,三维模型直观地反映了矿体空间形态及分布特征,为矿山的探矿和采矿设计以及经济评价提供了科学的依据。     

Fluid inclusion and microfabric studies on Zechstein carbonates (Ca2) and related fracture mineralizations – New insights on gas migration in the Lower Saxony Basin (Germany)

New petrographic and fluid inclusion data from core samples of Upper Permian dolomitic limestone (Hauptdolomit, Zechstein group, Stassfurt carbonate sequence) from a gas field located at the northern border of the Lower Saxony Basin (LSB) essentially improve the understanding of the basin development. The gas production at the locality is characterized by very high CO₂ concentrations of 75–100% (with CH₄ and N₂).Samples consist of fine grained, mostly laminated and sometimes brecciated dolomitic limestone (mudstone/wackestone) from the transition zone between the shallow water zone (platform) and the upper slope. The study focuses on migration fluids, entrapped as fluid inclusions in diagenetic anhydrite, calcite, and fluorite, and in syn-diagenetic microfractures, as well as on the geochemistry of fluorite fracture mineralizations, obtained by LA-ICP-MS analysis. Fluid inclusion studies show that the diagenetic fluid was rich in H₂ONaClCaCl₂. Recrystallized anhydrite contains aqueous inclusions with homogenization temperatures (T_h) of ca. 123 °C, but somewhat higher T_h of ca. 142 °C was found for calcite cement followed by early Fluorite A with T_h of 147 °C. A later Fluorite B preserves gas inclusions and brines with maximum T_h of 156 °C. Fluorite B crystallized in fractures during the mobilization of CO₂-bearing brines. Crossing isochores for co-genetic aqueous-carbonic and carbonic inclusions indicate fluid trapping conditions of 180–200 °C and 900–1000 bars. δ¹³C-isotopic ratios of gas trapped in fluid inclusions suggest an organic origin for CH₄, while the CO₂ is likely of inorganic origin.Basin modelling (1D) shows that the fault block structure of the respective reservoir has experienced an uplift of >1000 m since Late Cretaceous times.The fluid inclusion study allows us to, 1) model the evolution of the LSB and fluid evolution by distinguishing different fluid systems, 2) determine the appearance of CO₂ in the geological record and, 3) more accurately estimate burial and uplift events in individual parts of the LSB.     

柴北缘平台地区路乐河组砂岩储层特征

以重点钻井的岩芯样品和薄片的观察为基础,结合扫描电镜、X衍射、储层物性和压汞等化验资料的分析,对柴达木盆地平台地区路乐河组砂岩储层的物性特征及其主控因素进行了研究。结果表明路乐河组砂岩储层的岩石类型以岩屑砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩为主,颗粒分选和磨圆中等-较差,成分成熟度和结构成熟度中等-较低;储层物性表现为以中孔-中渗为主,低孔-低渗为辅的特征,且孔隙度和渗透率相关性好;原生粒间孔是最主要的孔隙类型,约占70%,其次是粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔。压实作用和胶结作用分别减少了路乐河组砂岩储层原始孔隙的31.8%和29.5%,是其物性条件变差的最主要因素。在成岩演化早期阶段,碳酸盐胶结物增强了储集岩的抗压实能力,有效抵御压实作用在成岩阶段早期对储集岩粒间孔隙的破坏;在成岩演化晚期阶段,碳酸盐胶结物又为溶蚀作用提供了空间和物质基础,形成部分次生溶蚀孔隙,对平台地区路乐河组储层的物性又有一定程度的改善。