高盐度潜水蒸发试验研究现状及展望

多年来,许多专家学者对干旱区潜水蒸发的机理和规律做了大量研究工作,并取得了明显进展.但这些传统意义上的蒸发研究均未考虑潜水矿化度对潜水蒸发的影响,将在淡水条件下得出的潜水蒸发有关参数直接用于极端干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发的计算必将产生偏差.虽然部分学者注意到矿化度对于潜水蒸发的影响,但开展的研究只限于一般矿化度(小于10 g...     

地下水浅埋深条件下给水度与水位降深的关系

本文研究地下水浅埋深条件下,水位降深为0-40cm、0-55cm、0-70cm、0-85cm、0-100cm时给水度的变化规律。利用室内风积砂的排水实验获得实测给水度,分析实测给水度与经验公式计算的给水度和水位降深的关系。结果表明,当水位降深小于毛细上升高度时,给水度较小,并随着水位降深的增加而增大。当水位埋深大于毛细上升高度时,给水度由毛细上升高度段及毛细上升高度以上段组成。毛细上升高度段,给水度随着水位降深的增加而增大,给水度较小。而毛细上升高度以上段,给水度较大,并随着水位降深的增加趋于定值。雷志栋公式计算的给水度与实测给水度最相近。而Nachabe和Duke公式在进气值高度上计算的给水度都比实测给水度大。这些成果为浅埋深情况下地下水位波动的准确估计提供依据。     

基于分层核磁测试新技术的未冻水变化规律研究——以砂土冻融过程为例北大核心CSCD

土体冻融过程中的未冻水动态变化与冰-水相变过程密切相关,是冻融过程中非饱和土研究的重要基础。利用在线控温以及分层扫描的核磁共振新技术直观测试冻融过程中非饱和砂土的未冻水含量。结合T_(2)分布曲线(曲线上不同的T;值对应着孔隙水类别特性,曲线下方的面积对应试样水分含量)在冻融过程中的峰值大小和峰面积数据反演土体中含水量的大小与赋存的位置,而曲线的峰形态以及弛豫范围(各峰起始值以及终止值)等信息反演不同类型水分(吸附水与毛细水)以及土体结构的分布。在处理试验结果时,首先依据测试得到的冻结温度划分试样冻结区与未冻区。冻结区与未冻区未冻水含量及其孔隙变化差异明显,究其原因是冰水相变与水分迁移。在土样冻结区域冰水相变占主导地位,水分主要由未冻区向冻结锋面附近的e、f层迁移。首先以中大孔隙中毛细水迁移为主,其次以小孔隙中的吸附水迁移为辅。依据水相变成冰体积增大和孔隙体积占比数据分析可知,冻结区微小孔隙会在冻结过程中连通形成中大孔隙;而在未冻区水分迁移占主导地位。未冻区受固结作用中大孔隙压缩形成为小孔隙。试验过程中冻结锋面附近的e、f层孔隙变化最为剧烈。     

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏自吸驱油作用及其在开发中的利用

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的多孔基质岩块是主要的储集空间,裂缝为主要的渗流通道,储油层具有非常复杂的孔隙空间结构,影响油层的注水驱油效率,从而影响油藏的最终采收率。实验表明在不具渗透性的多孔基质岩块内,毛管自吸驱油是改善基质岩块内石油动用程度的重要作用;储层在不同含水饱和度下均存在自吸作用,毛管自吸驱油系数随自吸时间延长而提高,最高可达35%;周期注水是利用毛管自吸驱油改善开发效果的有效开发方式,实验中最佳压力变化幅度为1.5倍～2倍,且投注初期即实施周期注水的效果最好;塔河油田数值模拟研究表明周期注水开发效果明显好于依靠天然能量、连续注水的效果,其优点是既保持地层能量,避免注入水的突进,同时又充分利用毛管自吸驱油作用,周期注水是很好的提高采收率方法。     

A laboratory study of covers made of low-sulphide tailings to prevent acid mine drainage

Covers with capillary barrier effects (CCBE) are considered to be one of the most effective ways to control acid mine drainage (AMD) production from mine wastes. The use of low-sulphide tailings in CCBE has been proposed recently for cases where other types of material may be unavailable near the mining site. This paper presents leaching column test results showing that CCBEs with a moisture-retaining layer made of slightly reactive tailings, with three different sulphide contents, can effectively limit the production of AMD from the acid-generating tailings placed underneath. With these layered covers, the leachate pH was maintained near neutrality throughout the testing period. When compared to uncovered tailings, the efficiency of the cover systems for reducing the amount of contaminants in the percolated water was determined to be greater than 99% for zinc, copper and iron. This study shows that the use of low-sulphide tailings can improve the ability of a CCBE to limit gas diffusion by consuming a fraction of the migrating oxygen.     

非饱和土路基毛细作用的数值与解析方法研究

通过建立非饱和土毛细作用的孔隙分布的分形模型,推导获得了非饱和土毛细水的最大上升高度,同时基于Richards水分运动微分方程,引入边界及初始条件,基于Laplace变换,得到了毛细作用下非饱和土路基湿度变化的解析解;同时引入算例,将所提出的解析方法计算结果与未简化参数的数值计算结果进行了对比分析;最后考虑不同因素的影响进行了非饱和土路基毛细作用下的湿度变化分析。分析结果表明：解析求解获得的路基湿度变化趋势和未进行参数简化的数值法求解结果基本一致,证明解析解法是合理可信的;路基填筑的初始含水率越大,填土的初始吸力越小,毛细水上升的高度及湿度变化量也相应越小;透水性能较好的路基填土毛细水上升速度较快,但上升高度较小,毛细水可以在较短时间内上升到最大高度;路基的填土类型不同,路基在毛细作用下的湿度变化状态也不同,需要针对不同的填土路基进行相应的防排水措施。     

库水位下降时的岸坡非稳定渗流问题研究

水位下降时岸坡的渗流是涉及土体由饱和向非饱和状态过渡的水-气二相流过程,目前相关研究成果大都假设孔隙气压力为0,忽略孔隙气的影响。根据水、空气的质量守恒定律和达西定律,结合多相流理论建立水-气二相流模型,采用高效的积分有限差分法求解,通过变换主要变量,实现饱和（单相）与非饱和（二相）的相互转变,并给出各种边界条件下合理的数学处理方法。通过Muskat渗流问题,验证了上述模型的正确性;并对某土质岸坡水位下降时的非稳定渗流问题进行分析,结果表明,岸坡的基质吸力小于浸润线以上的负孔隙水压力,在浸润线以上的很大区域为毛细管水饱和带,其土体饱和且基质吸力为0,这对边坡稳定十分不利,精确分析水位下降的边坡稳定问题时,孔隙气压力变化的影响值得研究。     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定岩屑样品中的苯系化合物

用胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定了同一井位、不同深度岩屑样品中的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯化合物。采用 50 μm× 57cm毛细管柱 ,以 50mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠 - 2 0mmol/L四硼酸钠溶液 (pH 9 1 6)作为缓冲溶液 ,电压 2 5kV ,检测波长 2 0 0nm ,1 6min内 ,苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯可获得良好的分离。用峰面积定量 ,线性范围为 2～ 1 0 0mg/L ,最小检测浓度分别为 :0 75mg/L苯 ;0 45mg/L甲苯 ;0 39mg/L乙苯 ;0 1mg/L邻 二甲苯 ;0 31mg/L对 二甲苯。加标回收率分别为 :苯 1 0 1 % ,甲苯 99% ,邻二甲苯 97% ,乙苯 95% ,对二甲苯 1 0 0 %。方法用于实际岩屑样品的测量 ,获得各含量范围在 0 .0x～ 0 .xμg/ g ;3次平行测定的RSD在 3 3%～ 34%。     

Modelling hydraulic and capillary-driven two-phase fluid flow in unsaturated concretes at the meso-scale with a unique coupled DEM-CFD technique

The goal of the research was to demonstrate the impact of thin porous interfacial transition zones (ITZs) between aggregates and cement matrix on fluid flow in unsaturated concrete caused by hydraulic/capillary pressure. To demonstrate this impact, a novel coupled approach to simulate the two-phase (water and moist air) flow of hydraulically and capillary-driven fluid in unsaturated concrete was developed. By merging the discrete element method (DEM) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under isothermal settings, the process was numerically studied at the meso-scale in two-dimensional conditions. A flow network was used to describe fluid behaviour in a continuous domain between particles. Small concrete specimens of a simplified particle mesostructure were subjected to fully coupled hydro-mechanical simulation tests. A simple uniaxial compression test was used to calibrate the pure DEM represented by bonded spheres, while a permeability and sorptivity test for an assembly of spheres was used to calibrate the pure CFD. For simplified specimens of the pure cement matrix, cement matrix with aggregate, and cement matrix with aggregate and ITZ of a given thickness, DEM/CFD simulations were performed sequentially. The numerical results of permeability and sorptivity were directly compared to the data found in the literature. A satisfactory agreement was achieved. Porous ITZs in concrete were found to reduce sorption by slowing the capillary-driven fluid flow, and to speed the full saturation of pores when sufficiently high hydraulic water pressures were dominant.