经济发展对城市宜居性的影响——基于中国40个大中城市的实证分析

在中国经济和城镇化都逐步迈入高质量发展阶段的背景下,厘清经济发展对城市宜居性的影响规律具有重要的学术价值和应用价值。本文将宜居性作为一项“要素”引入生产函数研究框架,构建了经济发展对城市宜居性影响的理论模型,并基于2005—2019年中国40个大中城市的面板数据,利用系统GMM、面板门槛模型等方法对其进行实证检验。结果表明：① 2005—2019年中国大中城市的宜居性水平总体呈上升态势,但存在明显的维度分异和空间分异特征。② 总体上经济发展对城市宜居性的提高具有抑制效应,但这种效应在不同时间阶段和不同城市规模中呈现出明显的异质性。对于进入经济新常态阶段前,以及规模较大的直辖市和部分经济发达的省会城市,这种抑制作用比较显著;而进入新常态阶段后,经济发展对城市宜居性提升具有明显的促进作用。③ 经济发展对城市宜居性的影响还存在门槛效应,随着居民收入水平的提高,其影响效应呈现出显著的倒“N”型门槛特征。当经济发展使职工平均工资处于6万元至8万元时,经济发展能明显提高城市宜居度。经济发展本身对城市宜居性的影响表现出显著的单一门槛抑制效应,但其负向影响呈现出边际效率递减规律。最后,根据本文的研究发现从“宏观指引”和“微观行动”两个层面提出相应的政策启示。     

空化水射流热效应影响煤体渗透率试验研究

对空化水射流空泡溃灭瞬间和空化噪声声场作用产生的热效应进行了分析,得到了热效应作用下的煤体渗透率表达式,并开展了不同空化条件(泵压、空化腔围压)下的煤体温度和瓦斯渗流试验。结果表明:空化腔围压一定时,温度随泵压的增大而升高;而泵压一定时,温度随空化腔围压的增大而减小。当热应力大于平均有效应力时,煤体热膨胀出现微变形,产生的张应力使裂隙变宽、数量增多;热效应使得游离瓦斯内能增加,分子自由程大大缩短,同时吸附瓦斯解吸使得煤基质发生收缩效应,导致微孔隙及微裂隙结构产生膨胀变形,从而影响煤体渗透率。试验得到渗透率随温度升高呈指数规律增大,与理论得到的渗透率表达式描述的规律相符。     

浅谈地图符号及其色彩应用

地图符号及其色彩是现代地图必不可少的基本要素。分析了地图符号的分类,色彩的类别,阐述了地图(地质)符号的色彩设计及其应用。     

液-液萃取-气相色谱法测定水中9种有机氯农药

采用正己烷液-液萃取法提取,气相色谱法-电子捕获检测器测定水中9种有机氯农药。优化了实验条件:添加两种替代物作为分析过程的质量监控;使用浓硫酸磺化法净化去除杂质;采用Rtx-5MS和Rtx-1701柱双柱定性,保证数据准确可靠。9种有机氯农药的方法检出限为0.0017～0.0079μg/L,回收率为74.7%～105.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为4.2%～9.3%,9种农药在0.5～100μg/L内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。方法检出限低,准确度和精密度高,简便,适用于批量样品的分析。     

基于经验模式分解的滤波去噪法及其在GPS多路径效应中的应用

经验模式分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)是一种新的信号处理技术,它是基于数据本身的,且能在空间域中将信号进行分解,从而可以区分噪声和有用信号。根据EMD分解白噪声而得到的本征模式函数(IMF)分量的能量密度与其平均周期的乘积为一常量这一特性,建立一种新的基于EMD滤波去噪方法,并将该方法应用于GPS多路径效应的研究中。通过对模拟数据与GPS实测数据的处理分析,得出以下主要结论:①EMD滤波去噪法与小波方法都能最大限度地削弱测量的随机误差,但EMD滤波去噪法比小波方法更直接,且不受测不准原理及小波函数选择的影响;②相比小波方法,EMD能够更有效地剔除瞬时强噪声,从而能够提取更精确的多路径效应重复性误差改正模型。     

Method for assessing the chronic toxicity of marine and estuarine sediment-associated contaminants using the amphipod Corophium volutator

Acute sediment toxicity tests do not test key life stage events such as moulting and reproduction and therefore do not reveal the longer-term effects of contaminant exposure. A laboratory method is described for determining the chronic toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. The test is conducted using neonates of the estuarine amphipod Corophium volutator at 15 degrees C, salinity 25 psu and a 12 h light:12 h dark photoperiod. The endpoints are survival and growth after 28 days and survival, growth and reproduction of amphipods upon termination of test i.e. reproduction within all control vessels (ca 75 days). The sediment chronic toxicity test was used to investigate the effects of sediments spiked with environmentally relevant preparations of slightly weathered Alaskan North Slope crude oil, including a water-accommodated-fraction (WAF) and a chemically-dispersed (Corexit 9527) WAF. Sediment oil concentrations were quantified using ultra-violet fluorescence. The amphipods exposed to chemically dispersed oil had higher mortality and lower growth rates than control-, Corexit 9527- and WAF-exposed organisms, resulting in reduced reproduction. The described method supplements the standard acute sediment test and would be particularly useful when long-term ecological effects are suspected but acute tests reveal no significant mortality. The sediment chronic test reported herein has shown that sediment that was not evidently toxic during 10-day acute tests could have population-level effects on sediment-dwelling amphipods.     

抗浮设防水位的推断及其作用分析

建议设立建设工程抗浮设防标准作为勘察设计的规范性技术依据,通过归纳抗浮设防水位推断计算公式,阐述了最不利条件下各影响因素的涵义,明确其中的地下水位最大年季节性变幅应采用统计分析的上限分位标准值,同时提出组合效应的分析思路;依据地层的水力连续性原理及实际的工程技术条件,分析了弱透水性土层中基础浮托力折减的风险性;强调抗浮分析和设计中应将结构重力按抗力条件取值,并对抗浮设防水位应发挥的功用给予了一些说明。     

Galaxy evolution in clusters

The galaxy populations in present-day clusters are distinctly different from those of the field, indicating that environment plays a strong role in galaxy evolution. This review discusses some of the recent observations of moderate to high redshift clusters. A consistent picture of galaxy evolution in clusters appears to be emerging, which includes a population of galaxies which formed early in the cluster history, as well as field galaxies which have had their star formation truncated upon falling into the cluster potential. Galaxy interactions probably play an important role in exhausting star formation in some of these galaxies. However, there is significant variation in the populations of different cluster samples, with substantial evidence that some galaxies have their star formation terminated more gradually. This suggests that different mechanisms may dominate in different clusters, perhaps because of the recent merging history of the clusters. We also present a recent analysis of population gradients in clusters which suggests that the observed evolution in cluster populations is consistent with a scenario where changing infall rates drive the fraction of star forming galaxies in clusters, rather than a changing physical mechanism within the cluster. Thus, galaxy populations may provide a fundamental measure of the growth of large scale structure. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A finite element porothermoelastic model for dual-porosity media

An existing dual-porosity finite element model has been extended to include thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in both media. The model relies on overlapping distinct continua for the fluid and solid domains. In addition, conductive and convective heat transfers are incorporated using a single representative thermodynamics continuum. The model is applied to the problem of an inclined borehole drilled in a fractured formation subjected to a three-dimensional state of stress and, a temperature gradient between the drilling fluid and the formation. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to study the impact of thermal loading, effect of heat transport by pore fluid flow and, the effect of parameters of the secondary medium used to represent the fractures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.