扬-泰-靖地区地下水系统水力联系与硫酸盐污染特征

本文对长江三角洲扬-泰-靖地区第四系松散层地下水中环境同位素(D、18O、34S)的分布特征进行了分析,旨在揭示大气降水、长江水、潜水及承压水之间的水力联系,辨别地下水中硫酸盐的来源及其污染状况。研究结果表明潜水含水层接受大气降水及长江水的补给,硫酸盐主要为农业污染来源或与海源硫酸盐的混合。承压含水层主要接受大气降水的补给,与潜水含水层及长江之间的水力联系较差,硫酸盐来源不同。在研究区顶部和沿江地段的浅层孔隙承压水中,硫酸盐来源于硫化物的氧化;在东部的深层孔隙承压水中,硫酸盐主要来源于硫酸盐岩的溶解或海源硫酸盐的滞留,基本未受到潜水或地表水中硫酸盐的污染。     

Matrix rheology effects on reaction rim growth I: evidence from orthopyroxene rim growth experiments

The rim-forming reaction quartz + olivine = orthopyroxene is used to investigate the effect of matrix rheology on rim growth rates. Orthopyroxene rim growth around olivine grains in quartz matrix is compared to rim growth around quartz grains in an olivine matrix. At constant P–T , within one single capsule, orthopyroxene rims grow faster around quartz clasts in olivine matrix than around olivine clasts in quartz matrix. Fourier transform infra-red spectra indicate that the entire samples are water saturated because of water adsorption on the reactant grain surfaces. The increased orthopyroxene growth rates in olivine matrix as opposed to quartz matrix are interpreted in terms of matrix rheology, where in the two different matrix-inclusion arrangements the olivine matrix behaves 'softer' and the quartz matrix 'more rigid'. The strain energy associated with accommodation of the negative reaction volume is higher for the quartz than the olivine matrix and reduces the free energy that drives orthopyroxene rim growth. Growth textures in both kinds of orthopyroxene rims indicate that the diffusivity of MgO slightly exceeds the diffusivity of SiO₂. The relative mobility of MgO and SiO₂ at given P , T , f H₂O seems to be controlled by energy minimization during orthopyroxene growth at the compressive Ol/Opx interface. Our experiments provide evidence for two previously overlooked effects relevant to rim growth reactions in metamorphic rocks: (i) diffusivity along chemical potential gradients to reaction sites is a function of rheology and (ii) the relative diffusivity of components during reaction rim or corona growth is a function of local volume changes at the rim's interfaces.     

纳米级高岭石晶胞数、原子数和晶面原子数的计算与研究

以矿物晶体结构、晶体化学理论为基础，通过对纳米级高岭石颗粒的晶胞数、原子数以及平行(001)面的表面原子数的计算，讨论了它们与纳米级高岭石颗粒尺度大小的相关规律，并结合纳米微粒的特性对其进行了简要分析。     

湿地生态系统碳循环过程及碳动态模型

从地上、地下有机物质生产对湿地碳输入的贡献，湿地土壤碳库以及土地利用变化对湿地土壤碳库和碳排放的影响，甲烷排放和可溶性有机碳输出以及影响因子，湿地生态系统碳循环动态模型4个方面对湿地生态系统碳循环国内外研究进展和研究成果进行综述、分析，提出了我国亚热带区域天然湿地碳循环研究的主要热点和方向：（1）沿海湿地碳库估算及土地利用转化对土壤碳库和温室气体排放的影响；（2）酸沉降对于我国东南沿海低纬度地区湿地甲炕排放的影响；（3）沿海湿地生态系统碳循环动态模型的应用与开发；（4）湿地系统可溶性有机碳的输出机理探讨．     

硒锑矿的某些新资料

硒锑矿是由我国首先于1993年发现的一种硒化物类新矿物。笔者稍后在湖南坌头碳硅泥岩型铀矿床中也检出了数量稍多，单体粒度约0．1～0．5mm和集合体粒度超过1mm的硒锑矿，其化学成分式为Sb1.88（Se2.96，S0.04）3.00，并测得该矿物的反射率色散曲线（其中546nm；R'g=46.2％，R'p=42．3％）。采用魏森堡单晶X射线法首次测得硒锑矿单晶较精确的主要晶体结构参数：α=1．1213，b=1．1515，c=0．3991nm，V=0．51531nm3，Z=4；空间群：Pbnm；斜方晶系。这些资料是对该新矿物已有资料的重要补充。     

新疆吐鲁番-哈密地区硝酸盐矿矿床类型、分布规律及找矿前景

新疆吐鲁番-哈密地区硝酸盐矿床分布在三塘湖-淖毛湖山间坳陷(北区),吐鲁番-哈密 山间坳陷(中区),库米什山间坳陷及库鲁克塔格-星星峡断垄内山间洼地及断陷盆地(南区)的第 四系沉积物及盐湖卤水中。矿床的形成与持续干旱的气候条件、有利的物源条件及构造条件相关。 新疆硝酸盐矿床可分为固相——表生孔隙卤水蒸发型、表生裂隙卤水冲填型及液相——现代盐湖晶 间卤水型共2类3型5亚型。本区南区西段的现代盐湖及中区黑山尾一带找矿前景较好。     

Crystal Size Distributions Derived from 3D Datasets: Sample Size Versus Uncertainties

Crystal size distributions (CSD) are the most commonly studiedcharacter in quantitative textural investigations of igneousrocks. The quality of CSD depends fundamentally on the samplesize (i.e. total number of crystals). Here we use 3D X-ray tomographicdatasets of two early erupted Bishop Tuff pumice clasts (comprising849 and 446 quartz crystals) to investigate the effect of samplesize on the quality of the quartz size distributions. BecauseCSD are obtained using a counting procedure, uncertainties relatedto counting statistics can be used as minimum estimates of error.Given that most natural samples are characterized by a decreasingnumber of crystals with increasing crystal size, uncertaintiestend to increase markedly with crystal size, and the numberof small crystals to be counted grows very quickly with increasingsample size. Accordingly, with as few as 100 crystals in total,it is possible to properly estimate the population densitiesfor small size bins (20–80 µm). However, to obtainmeaningful estimates across four bin sizes (20–320 µm),at least 250 crystals, but preferably >400 crystals are needed.To minimize the total number of crystals counted, and keep theuncertainties on the larger size ranges within reasonable values,it becomes necessary to study multiple volumes at variable spatialresolution. KEY WORDS: crystal size distributions; quantitative petrography; texture; X-ray tomography     

降温速率对硫酸钠溶液晶体析出影响的试验研究

为探讨硫酸钠盐渍土盐胀机理,研究了十水硫酸钠晶体在硫酸钠溶液中的析出规律.针对不同浓度的硫酸钠溶液,在1℃·min^-1、0.1℃·min^-1和0.02℃·min^-13种降温速率下,通过降温试验对晶体初始析出温度进行观测.试验表明：十水硫酸钠晶体的析出受降温速率的影响,随着降温速率的减小,晶体初始析出温度升高;降温速率的大小对晶体析出后溶液浓度变化几乎没有影响,但其会影响晶体形态,降温速率越小,晶体形态更为稳定;晶体析出受到相变驱动力作用,相变驱动力与降温速率大小呈正比,降温速率越大,晶体初始析出结晶力越大.     

Refinements in BaSO4 to CO2 Preparation and δ18 O Calibration of the Sulfate Reference Materials NBS-127, IAEA SO-5 and IAEA SO-6

Refinements have been made to achieve over 99% yield in the conversion of CO to CO₂ in order to improve the reproducibility and accuracy of δ¹⁸ O measurements in sulfates. BaSO₄ (10-15 mg) was mixed with an identical amount of spectrographic-grade graphite and loaded into a Pt boat. The mixture was gradually heated to 1100 °C to reduce sulfate to CO and CO₂; the former gas was simultaneously converted to CO₂ by a glow discharge between Pt electrodes immersed in a magnetic field (produced by a pair of external neodymium magnets). A small memory effect was noticed during the analysis (less than 0.3‰ per 10‰ difference in δ¹⁸ O between two subsequently analysed samples). The memory effect, however, was suppressed by repetitive preparation of the same specimen. CO₂ produced in this way from sulfate reference samples was analysed on a dual inlet and triple collector mass spectrometer along with CO₂ equilibrated with VSMOW, GISP and SLAP water reference samples. To avoid large departures of measured isotope ratios from ¹⁸O/¹⁶O of the working calibrator we used CO₂ gas prepared from ocean water sulfate for this purpose. The calibrated δ¹⁸ O values (in ‰) obtained in this way for NBS-127, IAEA SO-5 and IAEA SO-6 reference materials were 8.73 ± 0.05, 12.20 ± 0.07 and -10.43 ± 0.12, respectively.     

新疆白玉与江苏小梅岭白玉的结构性差异与感观效果的关系分析

应用显微硬度计、偏光显微镜、扫描电镜等测试手段,综合分析了新疆白玉和江苏小梅岭白玉的相对密度、维氏硬度、表面光泽、透光率等一系列物理性质,分析对比了两种不同白玉的内部结构特征及其对白玉的光泽和感观效果的影响因素,阐述了产生两种不同光泽效果的理论基础,为正确鉴别这两个白玉产地提供了理论依据。