Mechanical twinning in calcite considered with the concept of ferroelasticity

The mechanical twinning of calcite is compared with ferroelastic behavior. For calcite a paraelastic prototype phase does not exist, therefore a virtual prototype is defined with cubic m3m symmetry. Using this condition the strain tensors of all domain states of mechanical twinning are calculated. With the use of the strain tensors, application of Sapriel's strain compatibility law gives the crystallographic orientations of all possible twin planes between different domain states. The findings indicate that the twin walls are {1 0 0} and {1 1 0} planes with respect to the morphological rhombohedral lattice. These twin plane orientations from the equated strain tensors are in accordance with the r-and e-twin systems commonly observed in calcite. Received: 17 December 1998 / Revised, accepted: 24 April 1999     

Feasibility of using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the analysis of C, N, P, and diatoms in lake sediments

The present study explored whether rapid, non-destructive near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) could complement conventional paleolimnological and chemical analyses of sediment cores for greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The study used a 47-cm long freeze-core from the deepest point in Lake Arendsee, Mecklenburg Plain in northern Germany taken in 1993 to elucidate eutrophication history and to identify the pre-impact algal communities in this system. The core had been analyzed for total C, CO32-, N, P, and diatoms. Thirty-four of the 47 1-cm thick core sections were scanned by NIRS and calibrations were developed for total C, CO32-, N, P, N:P, total diatoms, and three dominant diatom species with different sedimentary profiles (Stephanodiscus binatus, Cyclotella rossii, and Fragilaria crotonensis). Total C ranged from 167-194 mg g-1 dry weight (d.w.), CO32- from 31.3-66.4 mg g-1 d. w., N from 9.9-17.4 mg g-1 d. w., and P from 0.7-6.0 mg g-1 d. w. Calibrations developed using multiple linear regression between NIR-predicted values and chemically-measured values were excellent for P (r2 > 0.99), good for C, N, and N:P (r2 > 0.93), and satisfactory for CO32-(r2 > 0.8). Calibrations for total diatoms and for individual species were highly statistically significant (r2 between 0.54 and 0.69). Although the calibrations are not useful for reliable predictions of the content of diatoms in the samples, the results indicate that NIRS detects spectral properties associated with diatoms or lake conditions when they were present, and that further work is warranted to attempt to improve the results. The study demonstrated that rapid, non-destructive, simultaneous analysis of total C, CO32-, N, P, and N:P in sediment cores is feasible.     

黄骅坳陷中北区深部储层物性影响因素分析

通过对黄骅坳陷中北区的研究认为, 影响该地区深部储层物性的因素主要有沉积环境和沉积相、成岩作用和深部地层异常超压的形成与分布等, 其中成岩作用中的胶结作用（ 主要为硅质胶结和铁白云石胶结） 是致使深层孔隙度降低的主要原因, 酸性水的溶解作用是产生大量次生孔隙的重要因素, 深部异常压力带的存在是次生孔隙得以保存的重要条件     

几种矿物分解与转变的影响因素

矿物在加热过程中会产生许多变化,包括分解、晶形转变,并与其它矿物反应生成新的矿物等。这些变化的规律和影响因素的研究是矿物材料学的基础理论探讨的重要组成部分。矿物材料学的基础理论研究还很薄弱。有关矿物转变行为的理论大多基于传统矿物学的研究。很多研究成果已有几十年或上百年未见更新。这一状况已远远不能适应矿物材料学本身发展的需要。本文试图从几项初步的研究入手作为这项理论研究的一个新起点。１　蓝晶石的加热变化行为蓝晶石是在地壳深部形成的高压矿物,理想化学成分是Ａｌ２Ｏ３·ＳｉＯ２。蓝晶石在常压下被认为是…     

南海珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的数字影像分析及其环境意义

应用计算机数字影像学原理,建立了对磷质胶结微细纹层研究的数值化方法,研究了西沙东岛珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的胶结结构和微纹层特征,定量地刻画了微条纹的宽度和颜色变化信息。东岛珊瑚砂砾屑灰岩磷质胶结物的形成以沉淀胶结为主,不同时期形成的胶结物微条纹系列,由于受到气候、生态因素的影响,具有不同的宽度、明暗度组合;对3个层次磷质胶结物的分析表明,在2900~5700 aBP西沙群岛东岛存在至少3次鸟类和植物的繁盛期;不同时期微纹层的气候、生态记录对比发现,相对稳定的气候条件有利于岛屿海鸟数量的扩大;提供了一种新的方法来探索岛屿鸟粪磷质胶结物的结构和生态环境意义。     

The significance of needle-fibre calcite in a Lower Carboniferous palaeosol

Needle-fibre calcite occurs in association with root structures in a Lower Carboniferous calcrete crust. The origin of this form of calcite is discussed and the scattered literature from soil science, microbiology and geology is reviewed. It is concluded that while needle-fibre calcite is not diagnostic of any environment its origin is related to the activities of various micro-organisms, especially fungi. The use of needle-fibre calcite as a climatic indicator is reviewed and it is used, with other criteria, as evidence of fluctuating climates in the Lower Carboniferous.     

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Pore Structure on Resistivity,Formation Factor and Cementation Index in Tight Sandstone

Tight sandstone,with severe diagenesis and complex pore structure,differs greatly from conventional sandstone in terms of rock electrical parameters.In subsurface rock electrical experiments,various electrical parameters are confounded and can only be analyzed qualitatively.The lack of quantitative analysis for each individual electrical parameter presents a challenge for the evaluation of oil and gas saturation in tight sandstone.Based on the 2D pore-throat model and the features of pore structure in the tight sandstone of the Penglaizhen and Shaximiao Formations in the upper and middle Jurassic of the Western Sichuan Depression,this paper presents 3D micro pore-throat models for three types of tight sandstone.It proposes a finite element-based rock electrical simulation method to analyze the influence of pore structure parameters,such as throat radius and throat tortuosity,on electrical parameters such as resistivity,formation factor,and cementation index quantitatively.The research revealed the following results:(1)Throats of tight sandstone usually have lamellar or curved lamellar shapes that are slender and narrow.The lamellar throat used in the proposed porethroat model is more consistent with the features of tight sandstone than the tubular throat used in the original model.(2)The throat determines the conductivity of tight sandstone.The throat parallel to the electric potential has the greatest influence on conductivity,and the throat perpendicular to the potential has the least influence.(3)In tight sandstone grades I to III,as the porosity decreases,the formation factor increases and the cementation index decreases.(4)The results of the rock electrical simulation are consistent with the results of the rock electrical experiment,which indicates that the proposed rock electrical simulation method of tight sandstone is effective and accurate.     

方解石e-双晶的古应力分析:原理和展望

方解石e-双晶是在低温、低围压环境下发育的一种晶内塑性变形,广泛发育于亮晶灰岩和大理岩中。由于e-双晶的形成与地应力密切相关,与其相关的古应力分析原理得到了深入的研究,相继提出了两类分析方法,即图解法和反演法。通过方解石e-双晶的古应力分析,我们可以获得形成时的主应力方位、应力比,甚至绝对的差应力,因而该分析方法被广泛运用于未遭受明显构造变形的地区,如克拉通盆地、褶皱‒冲断带等。本文首先简单地回顾了方解石e-双晶古应力分析的研究历史,总结了图解法和反演法的基本原理,然后评价了影响这些方法的一些可能因素,如方法的局限性和数据的质量,最后指出今后在数据获取和多期数据反演两个方面值得进一步研究。     

Origin of red color of the Lower Siwalik palaeosols: A micromorphological approach

Palaeosols associated with fluvial of the Siwalik Group are and lacustrine deposits that occur as thick multiple pedocomplexes. The bright red color of the palaeosol beds has been earlier interpreted as a result of hot and arid palaeoclimate. However, as against this view, our investigations of the bright red palaeosol beds of the Lower Siwaliks suggest that the climate was cool and subhumid, instead of hot and arid during the deposition of these beds. Since cold climate is not very conducive to impart red coloration, further research is needed to explain the cause of these red beds. For this, the micromorphological study of soil thin sections was done which showed the presence of features such as dissolution and recrystallisation of quartz, feldspar and mica, compaction, slickensides, presence of calcite spars, subrounded and cracked nature of quartz grains, microfabric, complex patterns of birefringence fabrics, pigmentary ferric oxides, thick cutans and cementation by calcite. These features indicate that diagenesis took place on a large scale in these sediments. The positive Eh and neutral-alkaline pH of soils also suggest that the conditions were favorable for the formation of diagenetic red beds. During burial diagenesis of sediments, the hydroxides of ferromagnesian minerals got converted into ferric oxide minerals （hematite）. During deep burial diagenesis smectite was converted into illite and the preponderance of illite over smectite with increasing depth of burial also indicates the diagenesis of sediments. Thus, the red color of the Lower Siwalik palaeosols seems to be due mainly to the burial diagenesis of sediments and does not appear to be due to the then prevailing climatic condition.     

黔西南灰家堡金矿田热液方解石稀土元素与C-O-Sr同位素地球化学特征

为探讨灰家堡金矿田矿化剂和成矿物质来源,系统开展了热液方解石的稀土元素和C-O-Sr 同位素研究.结果表明,热液方解石的稀土元素具有"上凸型"配分模式,低的(La/Sm)N值(0.003～0.580),较高的(Gd/Yb)N值(1.21～15.73),Eu正异常,显示成矿流体的壳源特征;产于龙潭组(P3l)的矿体中的方...