钙质砂中毛细水高度与影响因素试验研究

钙质砂是指富含碳酸钙或其他难溶碳酸盐类的海洋成因的特殊介质,具有形状不规则、多孔隙且富含内孔隙等特点;土体因孔隙特性而存在广泛的毛细现象,植物根茎内的导管有如极细的毛细管,能由此吸收土壤里的水分,故钙质砂地层毛细水上升高度研究对岛礁生态研究有重要的意义。采用竖管法研究级配、粒径、干密度、盐度等因素对钙质砂毛细水上升高度的影响,结果显示：细颗粒含量越多、级配越好的连续级配钙质砂试样毛细水上升高度越高;单一粒径钙质砂试样毛细水上升高度随粒径的增大而减小;随着钙质砂干密度增加,粒径小于0.075 mm时毛细水上升高度逐渐减小,而粒径为0.075～0.250 mm时毛细水上升高度逐渐增大;与淡水相比,在低盐度下NaCl溶液对毛细水上升有抑制作用,海水对毛细水上升有促进但效果微弱。钙质砂中毛细水上升高度随时间变化关系符合双对数坐标下的二次多项式关系,其参量与钙质砂的物理性质以及溶液类型相关。     

Late Viséan–Serpukhovian foraminiferans and calcareous algae from the Adarouch region (central Morocco), North Africa

Three Upper Viséan to Serpukhovian limestone formations from the Adarouch region (central Morocco), North Africa, have been dated precisely using foraminiferans and calcareous algae. The lower and middle part of the oldest formation, the Tizra Formation (Fm), is assigned to the latest Asbian (upper Cf6γ Subzone), and its upper part to the Early Brigantian (lower Cf6δ Subzone). The topmost beds of this formation are assigned to the Late Brigantian (upper Cf6δ Subzone). The lower part of the succeeding Mouarhaz Fm is also assigned to the Late Brigantian (upper Cf6δ Subzone). The Akerchi Fm is younger than the other formations within the region, ranging from the latest Brigantian (uppermost Cf6δ Subzone) up to the Serpukhovian (E₁–E₂). The base of the Serpukhovian (Pendleian Substage, E₁) is repositioned, to coincide with the appearance of a suite of foraminiferans including Archaediscus at tenuis stage, Endothyranopsis plana, Eostaffella pseudostruvei, Loeblichia ukrainica, Loeblichia aff. minima and Biseriella? sp. 1. The upper Serpukhovian (Arnsbergian Substage, E₂) is marked by the first appearance of Eostaffellina ex. gr. paraprotvae and Globoomphalotis aff. pseudosamarica. The biostratigraphical scheme used for the reassessment of the foraminiferal zones and subzones in the Adarouch area closely compares with that for the British succession in northern England (Pennine Region), where the stratotypes of the Upper Viséan (Asbian and Brigantian) and Early Serpukhovian (Pendleian) substages are located. Thus, a succession equivalent to an interval from the Melmerby Scar Limestone to the Great (or Little) Limestone is recognized. These assemblages are also compared to other foraminiferal zones proposed in other regions of Morocco. Several foraminiferans have been identified that are proposed as potential Serpukhovian markers for other basins in Western Europe, and compared to sequences in Russia and the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microstructural changes accompanying the opal-A to opal-CT transition: new evidence from the siliceous sinters of Geysir, Haukadalur, Iceland

Opaline silica (opal-A) has formed in marine, lacustrine and geothermal environments throughout geological time. During diagenesis opal-A normally changes to opal-CT, then opal-C, and finally to quartz. Such changes commonly destroy the original fabrics and any fossils that opal-A contained. The physical changes that accompany the opal-A to opal-CT transition, however, are known poorly. X-ray diffraction analyses, electron microprobe analyses and high-resolution, high-magnification scanning electron microscope imagery of siliceous sinters from the Geysir geothermal area in Iceland show that opal-A is formed of heterometric arrays of randomly packed microspheres (up to 5  μ m diameter) with neighbouring spheres commonly being joined by small connection pads. In contrast, enlarged spheres, lepispheres, inverse opal (two types) and spindle frameworks with hexagonal motifs characterize opal-CT. The textures in opal-CT, which vary on a microscale, reflect the complex interplay between dissolution (e.g. inverse opal) and precipitation (e.g. enlarged spheres, spindle frameworks) that probably was mediated by groundwater in a near-surface environment. The processes deciphered from these young rocks should, however, be applicable to sedimentary opal-A and opal-CT of all ages, irrespective of their origin.     

Variations in late Quaternary upper ocean structure of Okinawa Trough: A nannofossil approach

The relative abundance ofFlorisphueru profunda, a calcareous nannofossil species in lower euphotic zone, affords an opportunity to study variations in upper ocean structure such as thickness of mixed layer. As revealed by the nannofossil analysis in sediments since 20 ka B. P. from three Okinawa Trough cores, the percentage ofF. profunda increased significantly from glacial to Holocene, with a declining event ca 4 ka B. P. in its southern part. Its downcore trend is similar to that ofPulleniatina obliquiloculuta, a tropical planktonic foraminifera1 species which lives in subsurface water below thermocline in the modern ocean. Their similar variations imply an eastward shift of the Kuroshio Current, a reduction in thickness of the mixed layer, a shallowing of thermocline and a possible increase of turbidity in the upper ocean during the glaciation. The eastward shift of the Kuroshio might be repeated again about 4 ka B.P. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49776289 and 49406067)     

珠江口盆地晚第四纪地层及环境初步研究

本文利用珠江口盆地四个工程钻井的古生物、古地磁、同位素及沉积物资料，对钻孔所揭露的地层进行划分，认为所钻遇的地层包括下更新统（上部）、中更新统、上更新统及全新统。依据古生物分异度及含量作出海平面变化曲线，识别出十个海侵期，利用钙质超微化石特征种的初现面和末现面资料，将本区海平面变化曲线与太平洋Ｖ＿（２８－２３９）氧同位素曲线对比，分析了本区晚第四纪以来的沉积环境和气候，认为早更新世晚期，中更新世中期，晚更新世早期及全新世本区气候温暖，沉积环境属陆架浅海环境。     

Experimental study on the coefficient of lateral pressure at rest for calcareous soils

Abstract

The coefficient of lateral pressure at rest (k₀) is a key parameter required to determine the horizontal stress distribution on subsoils. In this paper, k₀ was measured from consolidation test for calcareous and siliceous sand, and the effect of water contents on k₀ of calcareous sand was also discussed. Comparison of k₀ values measured and calculated based on empirical formulas were carried on. Results indicated that (1) the reduction rate of k₀ for calcareous sand with an increase in relative density was less than that of siliceous sand. The k₀ at low water content was generally smaller than that of siliceous sand, and it was similar to that of siliceous sand for high-water content; (2) the k₀ of calcareous sand increased with increasing initial water content initially, and then decreasing. However, the magnitude of variation was small. So the impact of water content on the k₀ of calcareous sand was limited; (3) the formulas proposed by Abdelhamid and Krizek (1976 Abdelhamid, M. S., and R. J. Krizek. 1976. At-Rest Lateral Earth Pressure of Consolidating Clay. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division 102 (7): 721–738. [Google Scholar]) for estimation of the k₀ was highly applicable to calcareous fine sand.

• Highlights

• The k₀ of calcareous fine sand was investigated.

• The k₀ of calcareous and siliceous sand were compared.

• Shape parameters of sand particles for calcareous and siliceous sand were analyzed.

• Effects of related density and initial water content on the k₀ were discussed, respectively.

• The applicability of various empirical formulas for calculating k₀ of calcareous fine sand was evaluated.

     

西太平洋晚第三纪钙质超微化石及其古海洋学意义

本文研究了菲律宾海东部,北部“大洋钻探工程”125航次782A和786A二个钻孔晚第三纪的钙质超微化石。本区自下而上划分为13个带(或亚带),存在三个沉积间断:晚渐新世与中中新世之间;中中新世与晚中新世之间以及晚中新世与早上新世之间。据超微化石分析,本区晚第三纪存在4个相对暖水期和4个相对较凉期。根据菲律宾海东部,中部“深海钻探工程”58、59、60三个航次以及我国东海陆架、台湾东海岸及西部地区,南海北缘等地钙质超微化石分带的对比,晚渐新世与早中新世之间以及中、上新世之间的沉积间断在环西太平洋一侧具有普遍性,但形成原因不尽相同。     

The growth of “black crusts” on calcareous building stones in Palermo (Sicily): a first appraisal of anthropogenic and natural sulphur sources

Chemical, mineralogical and isotopic composition (³⁴S/³²S) analyses were carried out on “black crusts” developed on the old buildings of Palermo (Sicily) with the aim to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sulphur sources. Furthermore individual samples of total suspended particulate (TSP) were collected and analysed in order to estimate the influence of air pollution on the decay process of calcareous stones in a typical southern Mediterranean coastal environment. SEM/EDS analysis, X-ray diffractometry, IR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography led to the compositional characterization of “black crusts” and airborne particulate matter in the city. Sulphur isotopic compositions of gypsum-bearing crusts showed a prevailing contribution of anthropogenic sources (vehicle exhaust and other combustion processes). Natural sulphur and/or sulphate sources (biogenic and/or sea-spray) were shown to play a secondary role. These data can be considered a starting point for the determination of the rate of growth of “black crusts” in a coastal Mediterranean urban environment like Palermo. In the future, they might be useful to local authorities for planning more efficient maintenance action in order to slow as much as possible the rate of decay of the monumental heritage of the city.     

扁铲侧胀试验在浅海钙质土力学特性评价中的应用

利用扁铲侧胀仪对海底浅层钙质土进行原位测试,能够一次获得多个评价土性的试验参数。试验表明,由于波浪循环动荷载的作用使得海底表层（深1～2 m）钙质砂的密实度比其紧邻的下部偏大,以珊瑚礁为主要胶结物的钙质土,内部具有大的孔隙或松散堆积体结构是造成海底浅层钙质砂表层与浅部土体的扁铲侧胀压力明显变化的主要原因。扁铲试验结果与现场标准贯入试验具有较好的相关性,基于Seed公式推导的适合于计算水下平均动应力比的简化公式能够较好地用于对不同地震烈度下海底浅层钙质土液化可能性的判别。