松辽盆地海侵事件——松科1井钙质超微化石新证据

松辽盆地作为中国最大的陆相含油气盆地,是否发生过海水侵入一直存在争议,化石能为该科学问题提供直接解释。在松科1井嫩江组一、二段发现了少量的钙质超微化石,初步鉴定出Calculites obscurus,Calculites ovalis,Quadrum sp.,Micula sp.等属种。上述钙质超微化石广泛分布于晚白垩世海相地层中,通过与国际标准海相化石的对比,将嫩江组一段中、下部的时代限定为Turonian晚期—Maastrichtian期。松辽盆地嫩江组一、二段下部的钙质超微化石保存总体一般,有一定的多样性,具有海相钙质超微化石的特征。松科1井钙质超微化石的分布、古生态及其与有孔虫化石的对应关系表明,松辽盆地嫩江组一段中-下部、二段下部沉积期湖泊水域广阔,全球海平面较高,间歇性的海水侵入事件导致西北太平洋中的钙质超微浮游生物和有孔虫等海洋生物被带入松辽盆地。     

山东大汶河流域中上游古近系含水岩组水文地质特征

利用古近系大汶口组及朱家沟组含水岩组5眼施工钻孔及55眼井孔调查资料,通过岩心、地下水常规离子组分及氢氧同位素样品测试结果,研究大汶河流域中上游莱芜盆地、大汶口盆地古近系含水岩组分布特征、物性及富水性、地下水化学及补给循环特征。结果表明:富水较好的大汶口组上段位于盆地腹部偏北,含水层岩性为半固结砂砾岩,水化学类型HCO_3-Ca·Mg型为主;朱家沟组含水岩组位于盆地边界断裂下降盘,含水层岩性为溶蚀发育的灰质砾岩,水化学类型复杂多变。现代大气降水作为地下水主要补给来源,蒸发浓缩作用,方解石、白云石和石膏溶解及人类污染活动参与了地下水化学组分的形成。归纳总结3种古近系不同类型含水岩组地下水富集规律:构造裂隙控水模式、半固结含水岩组裂隙孔隙水富集模式和灰质砾岩裂隙岩溶水富集模式。     

Ag-Cu-Pb-Bi-S Minerals Newly Discovered from the Ohori Base Metal Deposit, Yamagata Prefecture, NE Japan: Implications for Bi-metallogenesis in the Green-Tuff Region

The Ohori deposit, one of the base metal deposits in the Green-Tuff region, NE Japan, is composed of two types of mineralization; a skarn-type (Kaninomata orebody) made by the replacement of the Miocene calcareous layer, and a vein-type (Nakanomata orebody). While the ore mineral assemblage of the deposit (chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite and galena) has been known for being rather simple, some Pb-Bi-S minerals have been discovered for the first time in the present study. The minerals mainly occur in the chalcopyrite-rich ores of both orebodies. They essentially belong to the Pb-Bi-S system and contain Cu and Ag in minor amounts, which correspond to the lillianite–gustavite solid solution series (phases Z and X), cosalite, neyite, felbertalite, krupkaite and Bi-bearing galena. The chalcopyrite-rich (Bi-bearing) ores from both orebodies are richer in chalcopyrite, pyrite and chlorite, and have higher homogenization temperatures (>300°C) of fluid inclusions, and higher FeS contents in sphalerite compared to the Bi-free ores. In the Green-Tuff region, Bi-minerals have been reported from many base metal deposits. Most of these Bi-bearing ore deposits are referred to as xenothermal-type deposits, and are characterized by the following common features; composite mineralization of high- and low-temperatures in the shallower environments, and close relationships with the Tertiary granitic rocks. The whole mineralization at the Ohori deposit also has a similar xenothermal character because of the coexistence of high-temperature chalcopyrite-rich ores with Pb-Bi-S minerals, which were formed by the influence of the Tertiary granitic rocks at a shallow depth.     

西太平洋暖池核心区MIS 7期以来的古生产力变化:类ENSO式过程的响应

对取自热带西太平洋暖池核心区的WP7岩心进行了底栖有孔虫和钙质超微化石研究。在利用氧同位素曲线对比和AMS14C测年数据进行地层划分的基础上,依据底栖有孔虫和钙质超微化石指标,分析了距今近250ka以来区域生产力和上层海水结构的演变特征,探讨了其控制因素和所指示的古海洋学意义。计算结果显示WP7岩心所在的暖池核心区约在距今250ka以来初级生产力在冰期(MIS6期、4期和2期)高,在间冰期(MIS7期、5期、3期和1期)低,表明该区古生产力在长的轨道时间尺度上受北半球高纬度冰量变动的影响。钙质超微化石下透光带属种Flori-sphaera profunda百分含量指示的温跃层深度变化表明冰期温跃层浅、间冰期温跃层加深,这说明类ENSO式变化导致的冰期—间冰期温跃层深度波动可能是MIS7期以来暖池核心区古生产力在冰期高而在间冰期显著降低的直接控制因素。     

TDR测定喀斯特地区石灰土含水量的标定研究

土壤含水量是气候、水文、土壤侵蚀等研究中的一个重要参数.TDR法因具有方便、快速、精确且不扰动土壤等优点而得到广泛应用,但因受土壤质地、容重、温度等物理因素的影响而必须对其进行标定.本研究采用室内标定(壤土)和田间标定(粗、中、细质土以及三者的组合)相结合的方式,对用TDR法测定的喀斯特地区不同质地石灰土含水量进行了标定.结果表明:(1)TDR法测定的土壤含水量比烘干法测定值要小,两者最大绝对偏差在室内标定条件下为10.6%,田间标定为12.2%;相应的相对偏差最高分别可达60.3%和32.8%.因此,必须在使用前对TDR进行标定.(2)标定后TDR法测定的土壤含水量精度明显提高,平均绝对偏差低至1.4%~3.1%;室内标定曲线精度略低于田间标定曲线.(3)不同质地组合的TDR法土壤含水量标定曲线的标定精度较高(平均绝对偏差为1.5%~2.6%),可用于不同质地土壤含水量标定.本研究结果可用于修订校正研究区及类似区域TDR法测定土壤含水量的结果.     

腾格里沙漠植物钙质根管Sr/Ca比值揭示的全新世千年尺度有效湿度变化

在阿拉善高原广泛分布不同地质历史时期的植物钙质根管,探索从这些植物钙质根管中提取可靠的环境信号并进行古环境重建,是一项具有一定指示意义的工作。本文共采集了腾格里沙漠14组全新世植物钙质根管样品,在14C测年结果的基础上,通过X射线荧光光谱法对其进行元素测定,结果显示:8~5cal.ka B.P.阶段植物钙质根管中Sr/Ca比值较高;5~2cal.ka B.P.阶段时Sr/Ca比值较小。本文尝试用植物钙质根管中Sr/Ca比值的变化和植物钙质根管时间分布,重建该区域全新世千年尺度上的有效湿度变化:早全新世时期(8cal.ka B.P.之前)气候干旱,中全新世时期(8~5cal.ka B.P.)气候湿润,晚全新世时期(5~2cal.ka B.P.)气候由湿润转向干旱。上述重建结果与腾格里沙漠猪野泽地区以及毗邻的石羊河中游红水河地区的全新世千年尺度有效湿度变化重建结果基本一致,说明植物钙质根管中的Sr/Ca比值可以指示腾格里沙漠地区全新世千年尺度的有效湿度变化。因此,可以从植物钙质根管中提取可靠的古环境信号并将其应用于古环境重建研究中。     

钙质砂室内载荷试验研究

为保护和开发海洋资源,在珊瑚礁上进行工程建设时必须要查明岛礁上钙质砂地基的承载力和变形特性。室内载荷试验的结果表明,相同密实度的钙质砂具有比石英砂大得多的承载力和变形模量,变形量则小得多;钙质砂的承载力随着相对密实度的增大而增大,破坏时的变形量显著减小;相同密实度下饱和钙质砂比干燥钙质砂的承载力和变形模量低很多。钙质砂地基中土压力随深度急剧衰减,荷载的有效影响深度为2～3倍基础宽度;随着荷载的增大,土压力从表层逐渐传递到更深的土层。     

金沙江某电站钙质砂(砾)岩溶蚀对岩体质量的控制作用

拟建电站位于金沙江上。其坝址区区域地质构造复杂,分布侏罗系中统河湖相沉积的厚层砂(砾)岩。其下部钙质砂(砾)岩在地下水作用下产生溶蚀现象。这些溶蚀岩体的发育使得岩体强度降低,影响坝基的抗滑稳定和压缩变形。论文在坝址区工程地质条件评价及岩体质量分级的基础上,利用岩体弹性波速的变化,深入研究了钙质砂(砾)岩溶蚀对岩体质量的控制作用,提出初步的岩体质量分级修正标准,得到坝区的岩体质量分级体系。其结果可直接为工程岩体稳定性评价提供基础依据。     

上海地区新构造隐伏活动断裂的标志──石灰华

上海地区沿基岩断裂带表面,有零星分布的石灰华,成因与泉水(温泉)活动有关,形成时代下限为新第三纪晚期,上限为第四纪更新世早期。本文初步确定,区内自新第三纪晚期以来,具有活动性的隐伏断裂,除北北东向及近东西向的两组断裂外,还新发现一组北西西向活动性显著的断裂,它们均与石灰华分布有着密切的关系,这种现象与山区新构造活动断裂带的特征相似。区内分布的石灰华,可以作为识别隐伏活动断裂的标志。     

Monotonic and cyclic behaviors of loose anisotropically consolidated calcareous sand in torsional shear tests

ABSTRACT

The behavior of loose anisotropically consolidated calcareous sand obtained from an island in the South China Sea was investigated under undrained monotonic and cyclic loading in a hollow cylinder torsional apparatus. The tests were conducted on specimens which consolidated under various initial effective confining pressures and consolidation stress ratios. The monotonic test results show that the failure and phase transformation line are essentially independent of the consolidation conditions, while the initial contractive tendency of the specimens decreases with an increasing consolidation stress ratio. During monotonic loading of the anisotropically consolidated specimens, a same major principal stress direction is observed at the constant stress ratio lines up to the phase transformation line, irrespective of initial effective confining pressure. The cyclic strength of the sand increases with an increasing consolidation stress ratio. Moreover, a pronounced stress dependence is observed in the sand with higher consolidation stress ratio. During cyclic loading, the generated excess pore water pressure presents considerable fluctuations. The normalized terminal excess pore water pressure is described as a function of consolidation stress ratio. The tests show that the particle shape, rather than particle crushing, plays an important role in the monotonic and cyclic behaviors of the calcareous sand.