涡旋水流式网箱清洗设备的设计与实验

解决网箱养殖过程中网衣的清洗问题,设计涡旋式网箱清洗设备。应用伯努力方程和动量定理,对设备的水动力学参数进行了计算,通过公式推导和计算机程序模拟,设计出动力圆盘的结构参数及最佳喷水孔尺寸。通过水池模型试验,研究设备的水动力性能,制造出生产样机,并进行了海上清洗实验。结果显示,对藻类及其它附着物清洗效果良好,但对牡蛎及紫贻贝的清洗效果较差,可通过缩短清洗周期或采用其它方法来解决。     

Mg-Cr~(2+)橄揽石、辉石和尖晶石的晶胞参数测定及Cr~(2+)在各晶体结构中的占位

本文用Mg－Cr2+做榄石、辉石、尖晶石的粉晶X射线衍射数据，采取“整体图谱最小二乘Rietveld”方法计算了上述矿物的晶胞参数和摩尔体积，并对Cr2+在各晶体结构中的占位情况进行了研究。结果显示，各矿物的晶胞参数随含Cr2+量的增大而增大。据Vegard定律，推算出各端元组分铬橄榄石（Cr2SiO1）、铬辉石（Cr2SiO2O6）及立方铬尖晶石（Cr3O4）的摩尔体积分别为47．7，68．0，44．9cm3。精化结构参数指示，在橄榄石中，Cr2+随机分配在两个八面体（M1，M2）位置；在辉石中，Cr2+优先选择八面体M2位置；在尖晶石中，Cr2+占置四面体位置。这种晶体内离子分配可从离子半径差别或晶体场稳定能大小得到解释。     

一种基于有限元原理的养殖网箱耐流特性的数值计算方法

对养殖网箱在海流作用下变形而导致的网箱养殖空间减少的有效把握,是网箱设计计算的核心课题之一。本文提出1种基于有限元原理的用于预测养殖网箱耐流特性的数值模拟方法,以期依据计算机模拟结果,在一定程度上代替传统的模型试验和海上实际测试,寻找提高网箱耐流特性的技术措施和解决方案。     

Defining and observing stages of climate-mediated range shifts in marine systems

Climate change is transforming the structure of biological communities through the geographic extension and contraction of species’ ranges. Range edges are naturally dynamic, and shifts in the location of range edges occur at different rates and are driven by different mechanisms. This leads to challenges when seeking to generalize responses among taxa and across systems. We focus on warming-related range shifts in marine systems to describe extensions and contractions as stages. Range extensions occur as a sequence of (1) arrival, (2) population increase, and (3) persistence. By contrast, range contractions occur progressively as (1) performance decline, (2) population decrease and (3) local extinction. This stage-based framework can be broadly applied to geographic shifts in any species, life-history stage, or population subset. Ideally the probability of transitioning through progressive range shift stages could be estimated from empirical understanding of the various factors influencing range shift rates. Nevertheless, abundance and occupancy data at the spatial resolution required to quantify range shifts are often unavailable and we suggest the pragmatic solution of considering observations of range shifts within a confidence framework incorporating the type, amount and quality of data. We use case studies to illustrate how diverse evidence sources can be used to stage range extensions and contractions and assign confidence that an observed range shift stage has been reached. We then evaluate the utility of trait-based risk (invasion) and vulnerability (extinction) frameworks for application in a range shift context and find inadequacies, indicating an important area for development. We further consider factors that influence rates of extension and contraction of range edges in marine habitats. Finally, we suggest approaches required to increase our capacity to observe and predict geographic range shifts under climate change.     

Seismic response evaluation of the linked column frame system

The linked column frame (LCF) system is proposed as a seismic load resisting system that uses conventional components to limit seismic damage to relatively easily replaced elements. The LCF features a primary lateral system, denoted the linked column, which is made up of dual columns connected with replaceable links, and a secondary flexible moment frame system with beams having fully restrained connections at one end and simple connections at the other. The linked columns are designed to limit seismic forces and provide energy dissipation via link yielding, while preventing damage to the moment frame under certain earthquake hazard levels. A design procedure is proposed that ensures plastic hinges develop in the links of the linked columns at a significantly lower story drift than when plastic hinges develop in the moment frame beams. The large drift difference helps enable design of this system for two distinct performance states: rapid return to occupancy, where only link damage occurs and relatively simple link replacement is possible, and collapse prevention, where both the links and the beams of the moment frame may be damaged. A series of 3‐story, 6‐story, and 9‐story prototype LCF buildings were designed using the proposed design approach. Nonlinear models were developed for the designs with the link models validated using recent experimental results. The seismic response of these systems was investigated for ground motions representing various seismic hazard levels. Results show that the LCF system not only provides collapse prevention, but also has the capability of limiting economic loss by reducing structural damage and allowing for rapid return to occupancy following earthquakes with shorter return periods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东流沙湾网箱养鱼区水体氮磷的时空变化及负荷估算

研究流沙湾网箱养鱼区水体氮、磷含量的月变化和水平分布,并运用质量平衡方程估算其氮、磷负荷。结果表明:总氮变化在0.212~0.892 mg/L之间,平均0.498 mg/L;总磷变化在0.009~0.036 mg/L之间,平均0.020mg/L;氮磷比变化在23.6~26.1之间,平均为25。在5-9月,氮、磷含量变化呈逐渐增加趋势,到9月达到最大,10月又减少。网箱内部氮、磷的含量高于网箱外部,并随着与网箱距离的增大而逐渐减小。红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus argentimaculatus)、紫红笛鲷(Trachinotus ovatus)和卵形鲳鲹(Lutjanus erythopterus)全鱼的氮质量分数平均为2.42%,磷质量分数平均为0.26%,饵料系数为6.67,流沙湾网箱养鱼养殖期产生的氮、磷负荷平均分别为135.8和19.4 kg/t。     

圆形网箱浮架结构有限元分析

在开放的海洋环境中,网箱浮架结构的强度和变形对网箱的安全有重要的意义。以某圆形HDPE网箱浮架结构为研究对象,采用壳单元和板单元,建立了三维有限元模型,分析了浮架结构在分布阻力、锚绳力及迭加载荷作用下的应力和变形,对浮架结构在不同的缆绳系附下的承载极限进行了评估。计算结果表明:缆绳系附处应力水平高,是浮架结构的危险点;浮架结构的变形和应力与网箱系统的载荷特点及缆绳系附方式密切相关;缆绳系附方式不同,浮架结构的承载极限有很大差别。     

不同内倾角海螺笼对脉红螺的诱捕效果

作者对不同内倾角海螺笼对脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的诱捕效果进行了实验研究。在实验室水槽中,观察了4种不同内倾角(35°、45°、55°和65°)的海螺笼对脉红螺的诱捕效果,同时还研究了光照和温度对海螺笼诱捕效果的影响,为优化海螺笼捕捞技术提供理论依据。实验结果表明:在相同的实验条件下,不同的内倾角对海螺笼诱捕效果影响十分显著(P<0.01),其中内倾角为45°的海螺笼诱捕效果最好,内倾角为35°和55°的海螺笼较好,而内倾角为65°的海螺笼诱捕效果则最差。同时发现,内倾角对脉红螺的个体大小具有选择性,随着内倾角的增大,壳高<7cm的个体占相应笼诱捕总数的百分比越来越小。光照对海螺笼的捕捞效果有十分显著的影响,而温度的影响则不明显。     

抗滑桩全桩内力计算"m-k"法的有限差分法

传统的弹性地基系数“m-k”法在计算抗滑桩内力时,需分受荷段和锚固段分别查表计算,不但计算过程繁琐,容易出错,而且受查用表格中各系数截断误差的影响,常使计算结果出现某些误差,以致出现与边界条件不相一致的现象。针对这些问题,基于“m-k”法的原理,提出了便于编程的有限差分法,可对弹性抗滑桩全桩内力进行统一分析。编写了计算和图形处理程序,并用一算例与传统方法进行了验证 对比。结果表明,只要等量差分段取得足够小,就可获得符合边界条件的高精度数值解。实例表明,可根据内力计算图形处理结果,优化钢筋笼的钢筋,使抗滑桩的结构设计安全而经济。     

非农占用耕地损失估算

经济发展过程中把耕地转变为非农业用地，是我国耕地减少的一个重要原因，耕地的过度减少会对经济的发展造成一定的影响，为了了解非农占用耕地对经济发展造成的负面影响，文章首先对非农占用耕地的损失构成进行了分析，并把它划分为4个部分，然后提出用投入产出的分析方法来对当期间损失部分进行估算。