地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)对镉胁迫下泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)的抗氧化酶活性和免疫相关基因表达的影响

本文研究一株地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)对提高泥蚶耐受镉(Cd2+)胁迫的作用,实验分析了不同浓度地衣芽孢杆菌对Cd2+胁迫下泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)的存活率及组织中Cd残留量的影响;同时比较了地衣芽孢杆菌作用前后,泥蚶体内两类抗氧化酶,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,进一步通过Real-time PCR分析了三类免疫相关基因金属硫蛋白(MT)、小热休克蛋白分子(sHSP)和铁蛋白(ferritin)的表达情况。研究结果显示,地衣芽孢杆菌能降低泥蚶组织中Cd残留量,提高其存活率。并能有效促进泥蚶体内SOD和GSH-Px酶活性的增加,同时降低MT、sHSP和ferritin在mRNA水平上的表达。数据表明该地衣芽胞杆菌可通过调节泥蚶的免疫系统,起到降低Cd2+对泥蚶毒害的作用。     

Accumulation and speciation of selenium in Cardamine sp. in Yutangba Se Mining Field,Enshi, China

A naturally selenium-accumulating Cardamine sp. is growing in Yutangba Selenium Mining Field, Enshi area, Hubei Province, China, where the geochemical environment is selenium-enriched and endemic selenosis ever occurred in humans. The present study investigated the characteristics of accumulation, speciation and quantity of selenium in Cardamine sp. with HPLC-ICP-MS. Results show that Cardamine sp. can accumulate Se at most 1427 mg/kg in seedling leaves. Even after the biomass incensement of growing up, the plant still could accumulate Se up to several hundred of mg/kg in concentration. Moreover, the biomass enrichment coefficient （BEC） of Se is exceedingly high, in the seedling leaves mostly, higher than 50 mg/kg; in the range of 43.7-68 mg/kg; and the lowest value is higher than 3 mg/kg in mature fronds. Se is present in the plant predominantly in form of SeCys2 with the highest concentration in seeds; up to 1081 mg/kg as Se. In contrast, SeCysz levels are low during early growth period; they are 136.1 mg/kg as Se in seedling fronds and 39.4 mg/kg as Se in mature fronds, respectively. SeMet concentration is comparatively low; 10.6 mg/kg as Se in seedling frond and 5.3 mg/kg as Se in half mature fronds, respectively. This indicates that Cardamine sp. is extremely efficient in extracting Se from soil and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. Therefore, Cardamine sp., found in Yutangba Se Mining Field may be a new Se hyperaccumulator. It is still uncertain whether the Se-accumulation or detoxification of Cardamine sp. happens through the pathway of SeCys methylated to form Se-methylselenoCys or through the formation of Se-carboxymethyl- selenohomocysteine. Indeed, further study should be carried out on the determination of more Se species to explain the high Se hyperaccumulation in Cardamine sp.     

Geochemical comparison of waters and stream sediments close to abandoned Sb-Au and As-Au mining areas,northern Portugal

Waters from abandoned Sb-Au mining areas have higher Sb (up to 2138 μg L⁻¹), As (up to 1252 μg L⁻¹) and lower Al, Zn, Li, Ni and Co concentrations than those of waters from the As-Au mining area of Banjas, which only contain up to 64 μg L⁻¹ As. In general, Sb occurs mainly as SbO₃⁻ and As H₂AsO₄⁻. In general, waters from old Sb-Au mining areas are contaminated in Sb, As, Al, Fe, Cd, Mn, Ni and NO₂⁻, whereas those from the abandoned As-Au mining area are contaminated in Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd and rarely in NO₂⁻. Waters from the latter area, immediately downstream of mine dumps are also contaminated in As. In stream sediments from Sb-Au and As-Au mining areas, Sb (up to 5488 mg kg⁻¹) and As (up to 235 mg kg⁻¹) show a similar behaviour and are mainly associated with the residual fraction. In most stream sediments, the As and Sb are not associated with the oxidizable fraction, while Fe is associated with organic matter, indicating that sulphides (mainly arsenopyrite and pyrite) and sulphosalts containing those metalloids and metal are weathered. Arsenic and Sb are mainly associated with clay minerals (chlorite and mica; vermiculite in stream sediments from old Sb-Au mining areas) and probably also with insoluble Sb phases of stream sediments. In the most contaminated stream sediments, metalloids are also associated with Fe phases (hematite and goethite, and also lepidocrocite in stream sediments from Banjas). Moreover, the most contaminated stream sediments correspond to the most contaminated waters, reflecting the limited capacity of stream sediments to retain metals and metalloids.     

Historical mercury trends recorded in sediments from the Laguna del Plata,Córdoba,Argentina

The main carrying phases of mercury (Hg) were analyzed in a 120 cm sediment core taken at the Laguna del Plata (LP), a small lake connected to the main water body of Laguna Mar Chiquita (LMC) during highstands. LMC is considered to be one of the largest saline lakes in the world representing a sensitive climatic indicator due to its frequent lake level variations at millennial and interdecadal scale like the last ones that started early in the 1970s and after 2004. Total particulate Hg (Hg_TP) concentrations vary between ∼13 and ∼131 μg kg⁻¹ indicating a system with low pollution. Selective extractions with ascorbate, HCl and H₂O₂ were performed in the sediments and they revealed that Hg is associated mainly to reactive sulphides in the base of the core, while in the middle and upper part the organic matter seems to be the main Hg-bearing phase. The highest and most important peak was found in sediments accumulated between 1991 and 1995. More than a punctual source of pollution, this peak is likely related to two eruptive events occurred in the Andean Cordillera in this period: the eruption of Hudson volcano in southern Patagonia that occurred in 1991 and the one of the Láscar volcano in northern Chile that occurred in 1993. In both cases, the respective ash plumes were documented to have reached the Laguna del Plata region.     

Environmental impact factors and mercury speciation in the sediment along Fujian and eastern Guangdong coasts

Concentrations of total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were determined for 32 surface sediments collected along the coastal line of Fujian Province and eastern Guangdong Province. The spatial distributions of THg and MeHg and their environmental impact factors were investigated. The average concentrations of THg and MeHg in the sediments were 31.5 ng/g and 0.096 ng/g, respectively. Both sediment THg and MeHg concentrations showed relatively high value in the Minjiang Estuary and the coastal areas of Quanzhou and Putian. The concentrations overall decreased as the distance to the shoreline increased. The correlations among environmental impact factors and THg, MeHg were analyzed. The sediment THg concentration was highly correlated to the concentrations of organic matter, copper, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), and significantly correlated to pH value of the bottom seawater and concentration of sediment sulfide. The sediment MeHg concentration was highly correlated to the concentrations of organic matter and copper, and significant correlated to the concentrations of sulfide, TN, TP and pH value of the bottom seawater.     

Evidence of hybridisation within the genus Chrysoblephus and conserved nuclear sequences of South African sparids (Teleostei: Sparidae)

Several hybridisation events have been recorded in marine fish, yet there is little information for southern African species. Here we present evidence for hybridisation within the genus Chrysoblephus (Sparidae), by analysing a fish caught off KwaZulu-Natal, off the east coast of South Africa. We utilise three mitochondrial (16S, COI and Cyt b) and four nuclear markers (1st intron of the S7 ribosomal protein gene, Tmo-4C4, Histone 3 and 18S rRNA) to resolve the hybrid parentage. MtDNA analyses support C. anglicus as the maternal lineage. Analyses of the Tmo-4C4 gene and the first intron of the S7 gene show six and four heterozygous positions for the hybrid fish respectively. The heterozygous positions are shared by C. anglicus and C. puniceus, which suggests C. puniceus to be the paternal lineage, with the hybrid being a first generation cross. Morphologically, the hybrid mostly resembles C. puniceus, with some meristic counts overlapping with other sparid species. Interestingly, only two of the four nuclear markers show variation within the sparids sampled in this study; 1 160 bp of 18S rRNA and Histone 3 were invariable even between the genera Chrysoblephus, Gymnocrotaphus, Petrus and Pachymetopon, suggesting conserved nuclear evolution or a rapid speciation within this group of endemic fishes.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地下水中镉的不确定度评定

采用不确定度连续传递模型,对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地下水中镉元素的不确定度进行评定。其不确定度主要来源于标准溶液引入的不确定度、曲线拟合产生的不确定度和测量过程中引入的不确定度三部分。采用双误差回归的方式对标准曲线进行拟合,通过计算出各分量的不确定度,合成得到测量结果的总不确定度。     

体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定印度芥菜(Brassica Juncea)中镉铜锌形态

建立了体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定印度芥菜中镉、铜、锌形态分析方法。为了防止巯基化合物氧化反应的发生,样品采取液氮保护并在-70℃保存,样品分析全流程采取氮吹防氧化措施。在镉、铜、锌胁迫下,诱导产生植物螯合肽(PCs)。在叶片和根部均检测到3种元素的4种形态,植物螯合肽(PC)3-Cd(Cu,Zn)、植物螯合肽(PC)2-Cd(Cu,Zn)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)-Cd(Cu,Zn)、半胱胺酸(Cys)-Cd(Cu,Zn)及其在植物体内的分布规律。结合植物不同部位Cd、Cu、Zn分布规律初步推断,Cd、Cu、Zn在与GSH及Cys的结合上存在竞争。     

汞和镉在土壤中的吸附和运移研究进展

介绍了国内外近年来对重要的污染元素汞和镉在土壤中吸附和运移方面的研究成果。评价土壤吸附重金属离子多运用Langmuir、Freundlich及Temkin三种等温吸附曲线。影响土壤吸附汞和镉的因素主要有pH值、有机质、氯离子、土壤组分、土壤类型、竞争吸附离子的参与等。汞的活动性较差，其迁移性质缺乏研究；土壤中镉的二价离子在粘土衬层内的迁移过程中，可生成难溶性沉淀物质，阻碍了液体的渗透，因而导致渗透系数比纯水还低。引用参考文献45篇。     

膜去溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定环境地质样品中的镉

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析环境地质样品中的Cd时,Zr、Mo元素的氧化物和氢氧化物会对Cd造成严重干扰,导致结果有明显的偏差。针对此问题,本文建立了膜去溶-ICP-MS直接测定环境地质样品中微量Cd的分析方法,该方法可有效地消除Zr、Mo氧化物和氢氧化物对Cd的干扰,保证结果准确、可靠。膜去溶-ICP-MS相比于常规ICP-MS测定Cd的方法,可将Zr、Mo氧化物和氢氧化物对Cd的干扰降低到0.001%,检测灵敏度提高3.5倍左右。在给定条件下,Cd的检出限为0.28 ng/L,测定下限为2.2 ng/L,精密度(RSD,n=12)为2.2%。利用该方法分析20种岩石、土壤和沉积物国家标准物质的测定值与标准值相符,表明膜去溶-ICP-MS法直接测定环境地质样品中痕量或超痕量Cd时具有一定的应用潜力。同时,用该方法对2016年中核集团组织的实验室间两个比对样品中的Cd进行测定,稳健Z比分数分别为0.500和-0.964,Z的绝对值都小于2。