BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Latin America: Case Studies . Richard G. Boehm and Sent Visser Locality and Rurality: Economy and Society in Rural Regions . Tony Bradley And Philip Lowe The City and the Grassroots . Manuel Castells Geopolitics and Conflict in South America. Quarrels among Neighbors . Jack Child Post-Industrial America: A Geographical Perspective . David Clark Coastal Research: UK Perspectives . Malcolm W. Clark A Rural Policy for the EEC? Hugh Clout Peasant Agriculture in Assam: A Structural Analysis . M. M. Das . Environmental Change and Tropical Geomorphology . I. Douglas and T. Spencer Advances in Abandoned Settlement Analysis: Application to Prehistoric Anthrosols in Colombia, South America . Robert C. Eidt Measuring Culture . Jonathan L. Gross and Steve Rayner North America: A Human Geography . Paul Guinness and Michael Bradshaw A Geographical Bibliography for American Libraries . Chauncy D. Harris et al. Geography and the Urban Environment: Progress in Research and Applications, Vol. VI . D. T. Herbert and R. J. Johnston Changes in Global Climate: A Study of the Effect of Radiation and Other Factors During the Present Century . K. Ya . Kondrat'ev . Rural Development and the State: Contradictions and Dilemmas in Developing Countries . David A. M. Lea and D. P. Chaudhri The Martial Metropolis: U.S. Cities in War and Peace . Roger W. Lotchin The Climate of the Earth . Paul E. Lydolph . Weather and Climate . Paul E. Lydolph . Spatial Divisions of Labor: Social Structures and the Geography of Production . Doreen Massey . Panorama of the Soviet Union . N. Mikhailov . Soviet Armenia . K. S. Demirchian . USSR: Geography of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period . K. Spidchenko . Planung und Verwirklichung der Wiener Ringstrassenzone (Planning and Materialization of the Ringstrasse-Zone of Vienna). Kurt Mollik , Hermann Reining , Rudolf Wurzer . The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War Gerald D. Nash . An Overview of the Survey of Income and Program Participation . Dawn Nelson , David Mc Millen, and Daniel Kasprzyk . Phenomenology, Science and Geography: Spatiality and the Human Sciences . John Pickles . Biological Diversification in the Tropics . Ghillean T. Prance Die Wanderviehwirtschaft im gebirgigen Westen der U.S.A. und ihre Auswirkungen im Naturraum . Gisbert Rinschede . Social and Economic Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Considerations for Institutional Management . World-Wide Weather . K. Takahashi Coastal Geomorphology in Australia . B. G. Thom Settlement System in Rural India: A Case Study of the Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab . Ram Chandra Tiwari . Computer Programming for Geographers . David J. Unwin and John A. Dawson . Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union . A. A. Velichko, ed . H. E. Wright , Jr. and C. W. Barnosky Ethics in Planning . Martin Wachs     

德安锑矿区土壤中锑的形态分析及生物可给性初探

按Tessier连续浸提法对德安锑矿区土壤样品进行了分析,得出锑的存在状态主要以残渣态为主,其次是Fe/Mn结合态,有机/硫化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态,可交换态和水溶态占的比率最小。矿区土壤中锑生物可利用态锑占0.52%~3.51%,其浓度一般在1.78~17.48μg/g,中等可利用态占1.04%~5.56%,生物难利用态锑的浓度占92.1%~98.4%。     

Environmental behaviors of mercury and lead in the soil of polymetallic deposit areas in western Hunan Province

Western Hunan Province is one of the most typical assembling areas of cryogenic metallic deposit in China, as well as a main ore-forming zone for some heavy metals. In the region, Hg and Pb pollution was caused by abnormally high concentrations of Hg, Pb in the natural environment and Hg, Pb exploiting/smelting and other human activities, which make the damage to human health more complicated. Generally, heavy metal pollutants in soil are often long-lasting and consequent, with their emission and/or transport into the environment, resulting in growing hazards to human health posed by elevated heavy metal concentrations in air, water, and food. Therefore, monitoring and understanding their behaviors in soil environment is the most important and urgent task. In this paper, the environmental behaviors and pollution characteristics of soil polluted by Hg and Pb in typical Hg and Pb mining areas in western Hunan were studied. Main results are presented as follows： （1） Western Hunan Province is a high regional geochemical abnormal region on Hg and Pb. The concentrations of Hg and Pb in soils in mercury mining areas were 1 315 and 3. l times higher than the average background of soils in China, respectively. While those in soils in lead mining areas are 14.1 and 6.1 times higher. By using the index of geoaccumulation （Igeo）, it was found that either mercury mining area or lead mining area in western Hunan Province has been polluted by the two elements, the majority of soils in mercury mining areas are seriously polluted by Hg, moderately or light polluted by Pb, while the majority of soils in lead mining areas are moderately or moderately-highly polluted by Pb and moderately-highly polluted by Hg. （2） By the BCR extraction procedures, both Hg and Pb in soils are dominated by residual form, followed by organic-sulfide form. Fe-Mn oxides and acid-exchangeable form are rather low. The total concentrations and each species of Hg and Pb in soils show positive correlations with the concentrations of sands, and negative ones with the concentrations of clays in soils.     

Metal ions bound to colloids from database to field systems

Nowadays, environmental problems related to soil pollution with heavy metals are numerous, therefore, it is important to understand metal behavior in aquatic sediments and soils and to appreciate their transfer. The fate of the metals in the environment is closely related to their interactions with the major reactive compartments （organic matter, iron and manganese oxides, clays）. The objective of this work is to develop an approach based on the combination of several models to study metal ion speciation in different environmental systems. Models used to describe the interactions of metals with the main reactive phases in the soil are CD-MUSIC （amorphous and crystallized iron oxides）, NICA-Donnan （organic matter and manganese oxides）, and cationic ion exchange model （clays）. Firstly, this work implies the definition of generic parameters to describe the interactions of the studied metals with iron and manganese oxides, a part of this information is missing in the literature. Then, after the validation of the approach by comparison with analytical results, this multi-surface model is applied to test sites corresponding to a soil and to two riverine environments. These new models give good predictions of the behavior of major and trace metal ions even in heterogeneous system characteristics of the natural environment. The measured free metal concentrations in the solution are in agreement with those obtained from model calculations.     

Investigation on the origin of Se-rich soils in Yutangba： Evidence from selenium speciation and native selenium

Yutangba has been known as a typical high-Se area in China since a sudden incidence of human Se poisoning occurred in 1963. The surface exposed Se-rich rocks of the Maokou and Wujiaping Formations were genereally considered to be the main source of Se that was enriched in soils of Yutangba and other places in Enshi Prefecture. However, little study was conducted to comfirm the origin of Se-rich soils in Yutangba.     

Pore water trace metal chemistry in polluted sediments of a tropical estuary of SE Brazil

The Sepetiba Bay is a shallow water body semi enclosed located on the west side of Rio de Janeiro City. Almost 80% of flesh water discharge, from the St Francisco canal, coming from the northern side of the bay develops an estuarine environment. Fishing and tourism are some of the most important economic activities in the area. During 35 years a zinc/cadmium smelter has polluted the bay. The objective of this investigation is to demonstrate the diagenetic processes and cadmium remobilization into pore water from the contaminated sediments. Two sites were selected to compare diagenetic processes. Site P1 is located next to domestic effluents discharge into the bay and approximately 20km away from the smelter. Site P2 is located near the same smelter and next to the Mazomba estuary, which is not influenced directly by domestic effluents. Peeper samplers of 25 cells with a resolution of 2.5 cm were deployed at both the sites. After a 3-weeks period of equilibrium, the pore waters were separated from the cells and analyzed immediately （within 24 h） for alkalinity, NH3 and reactive soluble phosphorus on a spectrophotometer. An ICP-AESΣH2S spectrometer was used to analyze Na, Mg, Li, Ba, Sr, Si, Fe and Mn. Total and labile dissolved Cd in pore waters were determined by differential-pulse stripping voltametry. The dissolved constituents in the pore waters have shown that the intensities of diagenetic reactions are different between sites. The reactions are stronger at site P1 site than at site P2, especially between 7.5 cm and 22.5 cm, which is evident by the organic rich sediment.     

长春市土壤中Pb含量、化学形态和空间分布及其影响因素

以长春市7个功能区,30个采样点土壤为研究对象,研究城市土壤中Pb含量、化学形态与土壤物理化学性质的关系。结果发现:长春市土壤重金属Pb污染严重,主要以残渣态和有机结合态为主。不同功能区Pb含量及化学形态差别很大。土壤物理化学性质对Pb及各种化学形态含量影响程度明显不同,通过逐步回归方法确定主要影响因子,且建立土壤中Pb富集及其化学形态预测模型。     

Rare earth element transport and fractionation in small streams of a mixed basaltic–granitic catchment basin (Massif Central, France)

We present dissolved load (< 0.45 μm) rare earth element (REE) patterns of small streams from a catchment basin in the Massif Central in order to characterize the individual fractionation stages for the dissolved REE from the source to the catchment outlet. The upper part of the catchment is located on a basalt plateau, followed downstream by deep and narrow valleys with granitic and orthogneissic bedrock. Stream water has basalt-like REE patterns on the basaltic plateau close to the source, followed by a continuous depletion in light REE (La-Sm, LREE) downstream. Strontium and neodymium isotope ratios of stream water demonstrate that the dissolved REE are essentially of basaltic origin, even in the lower, granitic and gneissic part of the catchment. Mixing with gneiss or granite derived REE thus cannot explain the observed evolution of the REE patterns. There seems also to be no link with the calculated speciation of the dissolved REE. In contrast, a correlation between saturation indexes for hematite and La/Yb ratios suggests that REE fractionation is mainly controlled by precipitation of Fe-oxide particles that preferentially remove LREE from solution.     

福建龙岩中甲铁矿床中铟、镉赋存状态及其综合回收经济评价

福建龙岩中甲铁矿是上世纪60年代探明的海相火山沉积-热液叠加改造型多金属硫化物磁铁矿矿床。随着该矿难选铁矿石选矿技术的突破,最近发现矿石中共(伴)生的分散元素铟、镉含量超过综合利用工业最低品位要求,铟、镉的储量估算均可达大型规模。通过研究铟、镉的赋存状态,认为矿石中尚无铟、镉的独立矿物存在,铟、镉主要与锌呈类质同象存在于闪锌矿的晶格中;铟、镉综合回收经济评价表明,铟、镉在选矿流程中主要走向锌精矿,可在锌的冶炼过程中综合回收,并会获得很好的经济效益。永安—梅县凹陷带内有众多与该矿床类似的铁多金属矿,该矿床共(伴)生铟、镉含量及赋存状态的考察,对区域同类矿床伴生元素的综合利用、提升经济价值有重大意义。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定玉米中铬、镉、铅

研究了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定玉米中重金属元素的方法。详细讨论了微波样品溶液制备、质谱仪干扰扣除及校准等,在优化的试验条件下,根据国家标准参考物质（GBW10012）的分析结果评价方法的准确性。方法检出限为：Cd：0.003μg/g,Cr：0.04μg/g,Pb：0.1μg/g,相对标准偏差在2.5%-6.0%之间,加标回收率在90.9%-104.9%之间。