体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定印度芥菜(Brassica Juncea)中镉铜锌形态

建立了体积排阻高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定印度芥菜中镉、铜、锌形态分析方法。为了防止巯基化合物氧化反应的发生,样品采取液氮保护并在-70℃保存,样品分析全流程采取氮吹防氧化措施。在镉、铜、锌胁迫下,诱导产生植物螯合肽(PCs)。在叶片和根部均检测到3种元素的4种形态,植物螯合肽(PC)3-Cd(Cu,Zn)、植物螯合肽(PC)2-Cd(Cu,Zn)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)-Cd(Cu,Zn)、半胱胺酸(Cys)-Cd(Cu,Zn)及其在植物体内的分布规律。结合植物不同部位Cd、Cu、Zn分布规律初步推断,Cd、Cu、Zn在与GSH及Cys的结合上存在竞争。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地下水中镉的不确定度评定

采用不确定度连续传递模型,对电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地下水中镉元素的不确定度进行评定。其不确定度主要来源于标准溶液引入的不确定度、曲线拟合产生的不确定度和测量过程中引入的不确定度三部分。采用双误差回归的方式对标准曲线进行拟合,通过计算出各分量的不确定度,合成得到测量结果的总不确定度。     

Environmental impact factors and mercury speciation in the sediment along Fujian and eastern Guangdong coasts

Concentrations of total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were determined for 32 surface sediments collected along the coastal line of Fujian Province and eastern Guangdong Province. The spatial distributions of THg and MeHg and their environmental impact factors were investigated. The average concentrations of THg and MeHg in the sediments were 31.5 ng/g and 0.096 ng/g, respectively. Both sediment THg and MeHg concentrations showed relatively high value in the Minjiang Estuary and the coastal areas of Quanzhou and Putian. The concentrations overall decreased as the distance to the shoreline increased. The correlations among environmental impact factors and THg, MeHg were analyzed. The sediment THg concentration was highly correlated to the concentrations of organic matter, copper, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), and significantly correlated to pH value of the bottom seawater and concentration of sediment sulfide. The sediment MeHg concentration was highly correlated to the concentrations of organic matter and copper, and significant correlated to the concentrations of sulfide, TN, TP and pH value of the bottom seawater.     

我国燃煤汞沉降的数值模拟

利用CMAQ-Hg(Community Multi-scale Air Quality-Mercury)模式模拟了我国燃煤排放的大气汞在我国区域的沉降分布状况,其中气象模式为MM5.模式中包括了三种价态汞(气态元素汞(GEM)、气态活性汞(RGM)和颗粒汞(PHg))的气相、液相、非均相化学反应过程以及输送、干湿沉降等物理过程.中国燃煤排放的大气汞中RGM所占比例较高,约为58.4%～66.8%,这导致我国汞沉降量较大.模拟结果表明,在我国的西南地区、华东地区以及京津塘地区燃煤汞的沉降较高,在这些区域的沉降通量高达2～6μg m-2mon-1.燃煤大气汞排放形态对汞的沉降有重要影响,减少燃煤汞排放中RGM的比例能够显著降低我国区域汞的沉降通量.     

Speciation and Photochemistry of Mercury in Rainwater

Mercury speciation was determined in rainwater from 76 storms in southeastern North Carolina between September 1, 2003 and September 30, 2005. Volume-weighted average concentrations of total Hg (THg), total dissolved Hg (TDHg), particulate Hg (Hg_part) and dissolved monomethyl Hg (MMHg) were 45.5 pM, 34.8 pM, 12.0 pM and 1.1 pM respectively. TDHg accounted for 77% of THg in precipitation which is similar to Cu but significantly higher than Cr or Fe. Concentrations of the various Hg species were very similar during summer and winter indicating that there was not a dominant seasonal influence on Hg speciation in rainwater at this location. THg, TDHg, and MMHg concentrations were also not significantly impacted by storm origin suggesting that they are relatively well mixed regionally and that air mass back trajectory is not the dominant factor controlling their concentration at this location. Concentrations of TDHg and Hg_part were inversely correlated in rainwater samples subjected to irradiation with simulated sunlight, suggesting the distribution between dissolved and particulate Hg may be controlled by photochemical transformations. Unlike TDHg and Hg_part, no significant changes in MMHg were observed upon photolysis of rainwater indicating that its distribution is not significantly driven by sunlight-mediated reactions, in contrast to what has been observed in surface waters. Results presented in this study indicate that the speciation of Hg in rainwater is dynamic and is driven by a complex combination of natural and anthropogenic processes as well as interactions with sunlight.     

南海湖沉积物中Hg的形态分布特征

以包头市南海湖为研究对象,采用连续化学提取法,系统开展了沉积物中Hg的形态分布研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中Hg含量的水平分布总体呈现湖心区低,西南和东北部湖区高的趋势。腐殖酸结合态为表层沉积物中Hg的主导形态,次为交换态和水溶态。表层沉积物中生物有效态Hg的含量甚高,占总汞的76%~94%,对整个生态系统具有潜在危害性。沉积柱芯中总Hg表现为表层富集并随深度增加而降低的变化趋势。B、F站位柱状沉积物中腐殖酸结合态Hg随深度有规律的递减,H站位20 cm以上Hg的主导形态为腐殖酸结合态,残渣态次之;20～30 cm的主导形态则为残渣态及可交换态。     

清江流域水系中高Cd沉积物的物源浅析

利用Mapgis的空间分析功能和多元统计分析等方法,对清江流域4 180个水系沉积物样品中重金属元素Cd质量分数与区域出露地层的对应关系进行了研究,并结合区内部分地层岩石样品Cd的质量分数特征来揭示清江流域水系沉积物中Cd的物质来源.研究结果表明,高Cd沉积物(>0.3 mg/kg)样品采样点主要分布于二叠系和三叠系等地层,二叠系和三叠系的贡献因子分别为2 318.40和2 230.36(mg·km2)/kg,占所有地层贡献因子的65%.水系沉积物Cd高质量分数主要受二叠系和三叠系岩层的控制,同时还受到Cd自身地球化学性质和铁锰等氧化物吸附作用的影响.高Cd沉积物(>0.3 mg/kg)的元素共生组合特征与黑色岩系的元素富集程度相关,清江流域水系沉积物中的Cd主要来源于黑色岩系.石煤风化土壤的流失和石煤矿点开采过程中尾渣、废水的排放可能是清江流域水系沉积物Cd的重要点污染源.     

Environmentally geochemical characteristics of vanadium in the topsoil in the Panzhihua mining area,Sichuan Province,China

Vanadium is a trace element, which may be biologically beneficial and possibly essential but certainly harmful to human beings and some living organisms if excessive. After over 40 years of development, the mining industry has caused serious environmental problems in the Panzhihua mining area. Vanadium is significantly accu-mulated in the soil of the Panzhihua area. Human activities have intensified the pollution and release of vanadium and caused serious damages to the ecological system there. In the past few years, the authors have made investiga-tions into and assessments on the geochemical distribution, chemical speciation, adsorption characteristics and transfer behavior of vanadium in the topsoil in the Panzhihua mining area. The results showed that: (1) the difference in the contents of vanadium in soil between premonsoon and monsoon is insignificant; (2) the adsorption isotherms of vanadium on soil in the Panzhihua mining area ate well described by the Langmuir type; (3) the transfer ability of vanadium in soil is interrelated to soil properties; and (4) the chemical speciation of vanadium shows an order of insoluble residue > oxidizable=reducible > soluble component. According to the above results, some countermea-sures to control pollution of vanadium in soil should be put forward.     

Total selenium and selenium (IV) in the James River estuary and southern Chesapeake Bay

The concentrations of total selenium (Se) and Se (IV) were determined in the surface waters of 30 stations located in the James River and southern Chesapeake Bay. The concentrations of total Se and Se (IV) ranged from 0·28 to 1·91 nM and from 0·07 to 1·36 nM, respectively, between salinities of 31·78 and 0·06‰. The concentration of Se (VI), calculated as the difference between the concentrations of total Se and Se (IV), ranged from 0·08 to 0·67 nM. While total Se seemed to be conservative in this study area at salinities above 0·36‰, Se (IV) might have been removed during estuarine mixing. The removal of Se (IV) occurred primarily at salinities below 4‰ possibly via the oxidation of Se (IV) to Se (VI).     

湿地水环境中生物膜吸附铅、镉能力的研究

利用向海自然保护区不同类型湿地水体培养的生物膜进行了铅、镉的吸附实验，结果表明，不同湿地水环境培养的生物膜吸附铅、镉的热力学数据可以用Langmuir等温吸附曲线来描述，各水体生物膜吸附铅、镉的能力存在很大的差异，吸附铅的能力大约比吸附镉的能力大一个数量级，且吸附铅、镉的能力与膜上锰、铁氧化物的含量有显著的相关性。