Sulfur speciation in marine sediments impacted by gas emissions in the northern part of the South China Sea

Three cores of marine sediments from the Shenhu area in the northern part of the South China Sea were analyzed by XANES analysis for sulfur speciation. The area has been investigated for the presence of hydrocarbons and potential gas hydrate formations. Cored samples of site 4B showed a specific profile of sulfur speciation with sharp and frequent variations in relative contents of sulfate and sulfide, which differed greatly from the profiles obtained for the sediments taken at sites 5B and 6A. The upper part of core 4B (of 0–95 cm) was soft and rich in pore water, containing mainly coarse silt sand. The lower part of the core (i.e., depth > 95 cm) was relatively dryer and darker in color, and dominated by silts and clay resembling sediments from mud volcanoes. The sulfur speciation results revealed that sulfate makes up almost 100 percent of all sulfur species in the upper part of the core 4B, which indicates strong oxidizing conditions, whereas the lower part of the same core has high relative contents of sulfide, sometimes close to 100% S²⁻. In the lower part of the core, the relative content of sulfide and sulfate changes rapidly and frequently, indicating rapid changes of oxidizing and reducing conditions. On the other hand, the vertical profiles of sulfur species for the cores from sites 5B and 6A are relatively consistent with lower sulfide contents indicative of stable and weaker reducing conditions. We hypothesize that the frequent and sharp variations in the ratios of sulfide to sulfate at site 4B may indicate some intermittent eruption of methane with clay from petroleum reservoirs underneath the sea floor over a relatively short period of time.     

海水养殖池沉积物中重金属形态和生物酶活性的关系研究

以连云港市对虾养殖池表层沉积物为研究对象,采用Tessier连续萃取法,研究了表层沉积物中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Mn)的赋存形态和酶(脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶)活性的相关性。结果表明,重金属Cu和Zn以有机-硫化物结合态为主要的赋存形态,Pb以铁锰氧化物态为主要的赋存形态,Cd以可交换态(平均33.47%)和碳酸盐结合态(平均31.16%)为主要存在形态,Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,Mn的铁锰氧化物态比例最高。脲酶的活性范围为0.45—8.96mg/(g·24h),碱性磷酸酶活性范围为2.45—6.69mg/(g·24h),过氧化氢酶活性范围为0.14—2.36m L/(g·min),转化酶活性范围为0.45—10.45mg/(g·24h)。脲酶活性与Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态之间显著相关;碱性磷酸酶活性与Zn、Cd的铁锰氧化物态显著相关;过氧化氢酶活性与Cd的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及残渣态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫结合态之间显著相关;转化酶活性与Cu、Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态、Cd、As的残渣态之间显著相关。酶活性可以用来指示海水养殖池沉积物中重金属的形态转化过程。     

广西南流江流域土壤-水稻系统Cd生物有效性及影响因素

广西南流江流域第四系发育形成的土壤中Cd等重金属含量较低,但水稻籽实Cd超标率很高。为了查清Cd在南流江流域土壤-水稻系统中的分布和迁移规律及其生物有效性的影响因素,按照不同成土母质物源分区,系统采集了水稻及其对应的根系土样品,测试了水稻籽实Cd、土壤Cd、pH、Corg、N、S、Mn及氧化物等指标,部分土壤样品进行了七步顺序提取法实验。结果表明,不同母质根系土Cd总量大小顺序为碳酸盐岩区>水系上游第四系区>水系中游第四系区>水系下游第四系区>碎屑岩区,而水稻籽实中Cd含量顺序却基本相反,两者之间不具有明显相关性(r=-0.030,p=0.84 )。形态数据显示,水溶态Cd与籽实Cd相关性较好,能够较好指示研究区Cd的生物有效性,同时,土壤水溶态Cd占比受土壤pH、土壤CaO、Mn、有机碳(Corg)等土壤指标的控制。     

茜素红S-微分吸附计时电位法测定土壤中铝形态

报道了茜素红S-微分吸附计时电位法分别在酸性和碱性条件下直接检测土壤浸提液中的无机单核铝[Ali]和总单核铝[Ala]浓度，并用该法测定了酸消化浸提液中的总铝[AlT]，由[Ala]-[Ali]间接得到有机单核铝[Alo]，[AlT]-[Ala]得到酸溶态铝[Alr]，从而实现了土壤浸提液中5种铝形态的电化学测定。应用此方法测定了多个实际土壤样品，与标准Driscoll法进行了对照．结果基本一致。     

德兴铜矿大坞河流域土壤Cu元素形态的聚类分析

在研究重金属元素对德兴铜矿地区环境污染情况的过程中,采用了连续提取法对低品位矿石堆浸场等地的土壤样品进行测量,并以Cu元素存在形态作为指标,综合德兴铜矿地区的特点对Cu元素形态进行了深入的聚类分析研究,得出了Cu在当地土壤中主要以有机态和硅酸盐态存在,但是碳酸盐态等其他四种形态所含比例较大,并且在酸性或氧化环境下具有一定的迁移转化能力,对环境具有潜在危害的结论,为进一步研究其他重金属的迁移转化提供了参考,并为矿区的环境治理和复垦提供了有价值的科学依据.     

环境样品中铝的形态分析

研究了环境样品中总铝、可溶铝、有机铝、无机铝、颗粒铝的分离及分析方法,采用直管式阳离子交换树脂柱富集及分离有机与无机铝,铝的测定用Ａｌ－ＣＡＳ－ＯＰ三元络合物分光光度法,检测下限为４μｇ／ＬＡｌ。用所拟流程进行了河水、茶水中铝的形态分析,给出分析结果,同时考察了铝制炊具煮不时铝的污染情况。     

白垩-第三纪界线样品异常铱的赋存状态及其地质意义

 通过对地质样品中铱的赋存状态研究及对残渣相中微粒的透射电镜分析,得出:在K-T界线样品中铱主要存在于残渣相中,不利于地球化学过程富集铱;铱在残渣相的富集与有机不溶物的存在没有必然联系;白垩-第三纪的生物绝灭事件中有火山活动参与;K-T界线事件的触发物为地外物质撞击。最后提出了K-T界线样品异常铱来源于地外物质撞击和火山喷发的混合模型。     

镉及其络合物在黏土上的吸附行为

淋洗剂EDTA 二钠和柠檬酸三钠与镉形成的络合物及镉本身在黏土上的吸附行为研究表明: 上述两种淋洗剂能有效提取表层土中的Cd,形成的络合物在迁移过程中又能较好地被黏土层吸附。黏土对Cd2 +、Cd--EDTA 和Cd--柠檬酸的吸附容量顺序为: Cd--柠檬酸＞ Cd2 + ＞ Cd － EDTA; 3 种形态的吸附过程均以离子交换吸附为主,并在15 min 内完成。黏土对Cd2 + 和Cd － 柠檬酸的吸附容量随溶液初始pH 的升高而增大,对Cd--EDTA 的吸附容量随pH 升高略有降低。     

Arsenic Geochemistry of the Great Dismal Swamp,Virginia, USA: Possible Organic Matter Controls

Surface water samples for arsenic (As) concentration and speciation analysis were collected from organic matter-rich blackwaters of the Lake Drummond portion of the Great Dismal Swamp in southeastern Virginia, USA. Arsenic concentrations and speciation were determined by selective hydride generation, gas chromatography with photoionization detection. Surface waters from the Great Dismal Swamp are high in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (445–9,600 μmol/kg) and of low pH (4.2–6.4). Total dissolved As concentrations [i.e., As(III) + As(V)], hereafter As_T, range from 2.2 nmol/kg to 21.4 nmol/kg. Arsenite, As(III), concentrations range from ∼1 nmol/kg to 17.7 nmol/kg, and As(V) ranges from ∼1 nmol/kg to 14.1 nmol/kg. Arsenate, As(V), is the predominant form of dissolved As in the inflow waters to the Great Dismal Swamp, whereas within the swamp proper arsenite, As(III), dominates. Arsenite accounts for 8–37% of As_T in inflow waters west of the Suffolk Scarp, and between 54% and 81% of As_T in Lake Drummond and Great Dismal Swamp waters east of the scarp. Arsenite is strongly correlated to DOC (r = 0.94) and inversely related to pH (r = −0.9), both at greater than the 99% confidence level. Arsenate is weakly related to pH and DOC (r = 0.4 and −0.37, respectively), and neither relationship is statistically significant. No statistical relationships exist between As(V) or As(III) and PO₄ concentrations. The predominance of As(III) and its strong correlation with DOC in Great Dismal Swamp waters suggest that DOC may inhibit As(III) adsorption or form stable aqueous complexes with As(III) in these waters. Alternatively, phytoplankton and/or bacterially mediated reduction of As(V) may be important processes in the organic-rich blackwaters and/or sediment porewaters of the swamp, leading to the prevalence of As(III) in the water column.