环境样品中痕量元素的化学形态分析Ⅰ．分析技术在化学形态分析中的应用

文章介绍了形态分析的基本概念,常用的联用分析技术,如气相色谱原子吸收光谱、气相色谱原子荧光光谱、气相色谱微波诱导等离子体原子发射光谱、气相色谱电感耦合等离子体质谱、高效液相色谱电感耦合等离子体质谱等在环境样品(水、土壤、沉积物)中痕量元素化学形态(价态、金属有机化合物等)分析中的应用,土壤和沉积物中污染元素的顺序提取步骤,以形态分析发展动态。引用文献72篇。     

土壤中钙形态的连续浸提方法

通过改进的连续浸提技术，把土壤钙的赋存形态划分为5个类型：水溶态、交换态、酸溶态、有机结合态及残渣态，用原子吸收光谱法测定各形态钙含量及总钙量，各形态钙的加和值与测得的总钙量基本相符，且各形态钙8次浸提的相对标准偏差基本在10％以内。探讨了改进的连续浸提方法提取条件（包括浸提剂、水土比、提取时间、离心速率及离心时间等）对提取效果的影响。结果表明，土壤中各形态钙可以满足生态地球化学土壤样品评价需要。     

A Common Reference Material for Cadmium Isotope Studies – NIST SRM 3108

Research into natural mass‐dependent stable isotope fractionation of cadmium has rapidly expanded in the past few years. Methodologies are diverse with MC‐ICP‐MS favoured by all but one laboratory, which uses thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS). To quantify the isotope fractionation and correct for instrumental mass bias, double‐spike techniques, sample‐calibrator bracketing or element doping has been used. However, easy comparison between data sets has been hampered by the multitude of in‐house Cd solutions used as zero‐delta reference in different laboratories. The lack of a suitable isotopic reference material for Cd is detrimental for progress in the long term. We have conducted a comprehensive round‐robin assay of NIST SRM 3108 and the Cd isotope offsets to commonly used in‐house reference materials. Here, we advocate NIST SRM 3108 both as an isotope standard and the isotopic reference point for Cd and encourage its use as ‘zero‐delta’ in future studies. The purity of NIST SRM 3108 was evaluated regarding isobaric and polyatomic molecular interferences, and the levels of Zn, Pd and Sn found were not significant. The isotope ratio ¹¹⁴Cd/¹¹⁰Cd for NIST SRM 3108 lies within ～ 10 ppm Da^?1 of best estimates for the Bulk Silicate Earth and is validated for all measurement technologies currently in use.     

生物迁移思想的起源与发展

生物迁移命题是由达尔文(1859)提出来的。他在《物种起源)一书中认为,一个物种只能有一个起源中心;在条件允许的前提下,它会从这个中心迁移到力所能及的地区。然而,当布克曼(1922)的"迁移炮弹"理论问世之后,迁移研究几乎陷于停顿状态差不多50年。李四光是在"迁移炮弹"阴影下,依然坚持迁移观点的少数科学家之一。越来越多的事实证明了达尔文迁移思想的强大生命力。屡见不鲜的化石"穿时"现象和时代差异,大量的生物地理新资料,使人们从不可知论的桎梏中逐渐解脱出来。特别是80年代以来,由于地壳运动理论研究的新需求,以及大陆漂移和海水进退规程研究的新进展,掀起了重新认识迁移的高潮。作者依据自己的积累和前人的研究成果认为,迁移的研究方法可概括为:最低层位的地理追索方法、演化程序的地理追索方法和相应环境的追索方法。迁移如同演化,在达尔文力的全弥漫作用(All pervadins action)下时刻在进行着。迁移与其说是生物自身的一种能力,倒不如说是环境给予的一种机会。迁移造就并维系着丰富多彩的自然生态系统。迁移研究必将发展而形成一门新的学科--古生物迁移学(Palaeobiomigratology)。生物迁移思想是与地质力学的诞生和发展共存的。李四光(1927,1928)在研究海水进退规程时,曾列举了伴随海水南北方向的运动,生物作相应迁移的许多事实。生物迁移和海水运动,是性质完全不同的两种运动,其间必然存在着一个联系两者的中间环节;这个环节被李四光(1962)暗示为气候的变化,或两者共同导源于地球自转的不均衡。      

改性氢氧化镁对地下水中铅镉的稳定化性能研究

为研究OH-缓释剂对铅、镉污染地下水修复的可行性,通过室内实验制备改性氢氧化镁,并对其去除地下水中Pb和Cd的性能进行研究。实验结果表明,重金属的稳定化机理主要为沉淀反应。在去除单一重金属(Pb或Cd)实验中,Pb和Cd的去除率都可达到99%以上,反应符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数分别为0.173 7 min-1和0.003 7 min-1。改性氢氧化镁在处理Pb和Cd的复合污染时Pb优先于Cd反应,Pb的存在会对Cd的沉淀起到抑制作用。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Introduction to Climatology for the Tropics . J. O. Ayoade. Conservation and Management of Natural Resources in the United States . Charles F. Bennett. The Keeping of Animals: Adaptation and Social Relations in Livestock Producing Communities . Riva Berleant-Schiller and Eugenia Shanklin, ed. The Evolution of Geographic Thought in America: A Kentucky Root Wilford A. Bladen and Pradyumna P. Karan, eds. Latin America: Geographical Perspectives , 2nd ed. Harold Blakemore and Clifford T. Smith, ed. The Rural Real Estate Market. Department of Geography Publication Series, No. 18 . Chris Bryant. Urban Geomorphology in Drylands . R. U. Cooke, D. Brunsden, J. C. Doornkamp, and D. K. C. Jones with contributions by J. Griffiths, P. Knott, R. Potter, and R. Russell. Italian Geography, 1960–1980. Meeting of the Status of the Geographic Research in Italy, 1960–1980. Treated under the auspices of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and organized by Istituto di Geografia Umana della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Giacomo Corna Pellecrini and Carlo Brusa, eds. The Changing Fenland . H. C. Darby. The Future for the City Centre . R. L. Davies and A. G. Champion, eds. Saudi Arabia, Energy, Developmental Planning, and Industrialization . Ragaei El Mallakh, Dorothea H. El Mallakh, eds. For We Are Sold, I and My People: Women and Industry in Mexico's Frontier . Maria Patricia Fernández-Kelly. The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History . Susan L. Flader, ed. Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution: A Geography of the Yorkshire Woolen Industry . Derek Gregory Crime in City Politics . Anne Heinz, Herbert Jacob and Robert L. Lineberry, eds. Revitalizing Cities . H. Briavel Holcomb and Robert A. Beauregard. Cartographic Relief Presentation . Eduard Imhof. H. J. Steward, Trans. Soviet Union: A Geographical Survey . S. V. Kalesnik and V. F. Pavlenko, ed. Cognition and Environment . Stephen Kaplan and Rachel Kaplan. Environmental Protection: The International Dimension . David A. Kay and Harold K. Jacobsen, eds. Mathematical Programming Methods for Geographers and Planners , James Killen. Gentrification Amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America's Older Cities . Michael H. Lang. The North Atlantic Sulphur System . Risto Laulajainen. The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, Vol. 2 . Lee I. Levine ed. Jerusalem and Detroit: Recreation Planning and Management . Stanely R. Lieber and Daniel R. Fesenmaier, eds. Heartland and Hinterland: A Geography of Canada . L. D. McCann, ed. Scarborough Where We Live: The Residential Districts of Minneapolis and St. Paul . Judith A. Martin and David A. Lanegran. California: The Geography of Diversity . Crane S. Miller and Richard S. Hyslop. Palo Alto The Dilemma of Amazonian Development . Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder Nuclear Waste: Socioeconomic Dimensions of Long-Term Storage . Steve H. Murdock, F. Larry Leistritz, and Rita R. Hamm, eds. Boulder Communism and the Politics of Inequalities . Daniel N. Nelson, ed. The Los Angeles Metropolis . Howard J. Nelson. Dubuque An Historical Geography of Urban System Development: Tidewater Virginia in the 18th Century . James O'Mara. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre . East Asia: Geographical and Historical Approaches to Foreign Area Studies . Clifton W. Pannell, ed. Dubuque Mackinder: Geography as an Aid to Statecraft . W. H. Parker. Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues of Nonmetropolitan America . Rutherford H. Platt and George Macinko, eds. Recreation Geography of the USSR . V. S. Preobrazhensky and V. M. Krivosheyev, eds. Missouri: A Geography . Milton D. Rafferty The Invisible Farmers: Women in Agricultural Production . Carolyn E. Sachs. Cayman Islands Seashore Vegetation: A Study in Comparative Biogeography . Jonathan D. Sauer. Hillslope Materials and Processes . Michael J. Selby. Housing in Britain: The Post-War Experience . John R. Short The Study of Population: Elements, Patterns and Processes . George A. Schnell and Mark Stephen Monmonier. Columbus The Soviet Union: A Systematic Geography . Leslie Symons, ed. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression . Ehud R. Toledano. The Impact of Recession on Industry, Employment and the Regions, 1976–1981 . Alan R. Townsend. Landslides and Their Control , 2nd ed. Quido Záruba and Vojtech Mencl. Translated from the Czech by H. Zárubová and V. Mencl.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

From Soil Pollution to “Cadmium Rice” to Public Health Impacts: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Influencing Factors and Possible Responses

This article discusses the causes of the contamination of rice with cadmium in China and considers what we know about the severity of the problem. It argues that it is misleading to extrapolate simply from levels of cadmium in soil to health risks, because the uptake of cadmium by crops and the health impacts of the metal are affected by multiple factors. These include not only background levels of cadmium and pollution from mining and industry, but also soil quality, climatic conditions and the type and variety of crops grown. Social and cultural factors, including dietary habits, other exposure sources, nutritional quality and general health status will also affect the intake of cadmium and the severity of health impacts. For these reasons we argue that interdisciplinary analysis is crucial to a better understanding of patterns of risk to health from cadmium pollution, and to the design of effective responsive measures.     

江西九江-彭泽沿长江南岸一带镉来源分析

对九江-彭泽沿长江南岸一带不同成土母质Cd的分布特征在垂向、横向剖面上的研究发现,长江干流冲积成因的砂砾泥质土壤、二叠纪燧石结核(含碳)灰岩质土壤、寒武纪泥页岩质土壤、震旦纪砂岩质土壤,与其它成土母质形成的的残坡积土壤Cd含量差异较大。上述四者Cd平均含量均大于0.3×10-6,是本区Cd高值异常主要赋存地质体。同时元素相关性研究表明,Cd与Zn、Cu、As密切相关,自然源是本地区Cd异常普遍存在的根本原因,而人为源却有可能是高值Cd异常沿长江干流大中城市分布的重要影响因素。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中锗和镉的干扰及校正

采用HF-HClO₄-HNO₃分解样品,8 mol/L HNO₃提取剂,外标法校准,电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地球化学样品中锗和镉。选择¹⁰³Rh为内标,确定了最佳仪器参数,研究了Zn、Zr、Sn、Ce、Nd、Sm对Ge和Cd的干扰,试验选择质量数⁷⁴Ge和¹¹⁴Cd作为测定同位素,采用数学公式校正法校正了来自Nd和Sm的二次电离离子对Ge的干扰、Sn对Cd的同质异位素干扰。方法检出限（10s）分别为Ge 30 ng/L、Cd 15 ng/L,精密度（RSD,n=15）为Ge 1.35%、Cd 1.47%。对多种国家一级标准物质进行分析验证,结果与标准值相符。方法适用于地质样品中微量锗和镉的测定。