在线液-液萃取微型万用分相器的设计和应用 Ⅰ.连续流动萃取石墨炉原子吸收测环境水中镉和不同价态的铬

计了一种用于液＿液萃取，可与各种检测器配合并适用于比重大于或小于水的有机溶剂的微型万用分相器及相应的流路系统。用于与石墨炉原子吸收分光计联用测定环境水中镉和铬，检出限分别为５８ｎｇ／Ｌ和０１７μｇ／Ｌ，精密度（ＲＳＤ，ｎ＝９）分别为５４％和６７％，加标回收率为９２％～１０８％，样品测定速率为３０／ｈ。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定钛铁矿中的微量镉

研究了石墨炉原子吸收测定钛铁矿中微量元素Cd的方法,探索了在高含量的Fe,Ti基体干扰下以NH4H2PO4-H2NCSNH2-EDTA为混合基体改进剂的最佳仪器工作条件。在取样0.200 0g,定容25mL的条件下,方法检出限为0.006μg/g,用国家标准物质验证,其准确度(RE%)10%,12次测定精密度(RSD%)10%,加标回收率90%~110%之间,符合国家相关要求。     

基于我国海洋生物区系特征的渤海表层水体中镉的概率生态风险评估

Predicted no-effect concentration(PNEC) is often used in ecological risk assessment to determine low-risk concentrations for chemicals. In the present study, the chronic data from native saltwater species were used to calculated PNEC values using four methods: log-normal distribution(ETX 2.0), log-triangle distribution(US EPA's water quality criteria procedure), burr III distribution(Burrli OZ) and traditional assessment factor(AF). The PNECs that were calculated using four methods ranged from 0.08 μg/L to 1.8 μg/L. Three of the SSD-derived PNECs range from 0.94 to 1.8 μg/L, about a factor of two apart. To demonstrate the use of SSD-based PNEC values and comprehensively estimate the regional ecological risk for cadmium in surface water of the Bohai Sea, in the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, and Laizhou Bay, China, the dissolved cadmium concentrations were measured and obtained 753 valid data covering 190 stations from July 2006 to November 2007. Based on three ecological risk assessment approaches, namely hazard quotient(HQ), probabilistic risk quotient and joint probability curve(JPC), the potential ecological risk of cadmium in surface water of the Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay, and Laizahou Bay were estimated. Overall, the ecological risk of cadmium to aquatic ecosystem in the whole Bohai Sea was at acceptable ecological risk level, the order of ecological risk was Liaodong BayBohai BayLaizhou Bay. However, more concerns should be paid to aquatic ecological risk in the Liaodong Bay which is the home of many steel, metallurgy and petrochemical industrial in China.     

Expression profiles of two small heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzyme activity in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cadmium at environmentally relevant concentrations

Small heat shock proteins encompass a widespread but diverse class of proteins,which play key roles in protecting organisms from various stressors.In the present study,the full-length cDNAs of two small heat shock proteins(MgsHSP22 and MgsHSP24.1)were cloned from Mytilus galloprovincialis,which encoded peptides of 181 and 247 amino acids,respectively.Both MgsHSP22 and MgsHSP24.1 were detected in all tissues examined by real-time PCR,with the highest expression being observed in muscle and gonad tissues.The real-time PCR results revealed that Cd signifi cantly inhibited MgsHSP22 expression at 24 h and MgsHSP24.1 at 24 and 48 h under 5 μg/L Cd 2 + exposure.MgsHSP24.1 expression was also signifi cantly inhibited after 50 μg/L Cd 2+ exposure for 48 h.With regard to antioxidant enzymes,increased GPx and CAT activity were detected under Cd 2+ stress(5 and 50 μg/L),while no signifi cant difference in SOD activity was observed throughout the experiment.Overall,both MgsHsps and antioxidant enzymes revealed their potential as Cd stress biomarkers in M.galloprovincialis.     

Spatio-temporal variation prediction on Cd content in the rice grains from Northern Zhejiang Plain during 2014–2019 based on high-precision soil geochemical data

Journal of Geographical Sciences - In recent years, Cadmium (Cd) pollution has been found in many soil geochemical surveys in Northern Zhejiang Plain, a crucial rice production area in East China,...     

岩溶区典型石灰土Cd形态指示意义及风险评价——以桂林毛村为例

为了了解岩溶区石灰土中重金属Cd形态分配特征及富集情况,在桂林毛村采集了3种处于不同发育阶段的黑色、棕色和红色石灰土进行研究。通过原子光谱仪测试了Cd质量分数,运用改进的Tessier分析法测定了3种石灰土中Cd的可交换态(EXC)、碳酸盐结合态(CAB)、铁锰氧化物结合态(OXI)、有机结合态(ORG)、残渣态(RES)5种形态,并对其指示意义及风险进行了分析与评价,结果表明,3种石灰土中Cd质量分数从大到小依次为早期黑色石灰土、中期棕色石灰土、晚期红色石灰土。形态测试结果表明:黑色石灰土和棕色石灰土中Cd形态以铁锰氧化态和残渣态为主,占土壤Cd质量分数的63%以上,且5种形态质量分数从大到小顺序均为铁锰氧化态、残渣态、可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态;红色石灰土Cd形态以残渣态为主,占土壤Cd质量分数的76%,形态分配特征从大到小为残渣态、铁锰氧化态、可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态。Cd稳定度和富集程度评价结果表明:在黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土和红色石灰土中Cd稳定度逐渐减小,环境二次释放风险逐渐降低;富集程度从大到小依次为黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、红色石灰土,其中Cd在黑色石灰土中呈显著富集状态,在棕色石灰土中呈中度富集状态,在红色石灰土中呈轻微富集状态。潜在生态风险评价和健康风险评价结果表明,由早期黑色石灰土到中期棕色石灰土和晚期红色石灰土,土壤中Cd的生态风险和健康风险均逐渐降低。研究结果可为岩溶区土壤重金属Cd污染修复与治理提供基础数据。     

珠三角土壤镉含量时空分布及风险管理

基于珠三角地区98 个同点位土样,探讨了土壤Cd含量的时空分布特征及风险管理策略。研究表明,两批次土壤Cd含量富集程度均很高,土壤Cd平均含量C₂₀₀₁ 和C₂₀₀₇ 均为0.28 mg/kg,是广东省土壤背景值的5 倍;两者均值多重比较表明,Cd的均值变化达到显著水平。土壤Cd的变异系数分别为0.83 和0.72,暗示了Cd主要来源于人为成因。经估算,土壤Cd 区域性年均累积速率K_C2007-C2001、K_C2012-C2007分别为0.016 和0.014 mg/kg。采用"时空模式"和"空时模式"模型预测土壤Cd含量的时空分布态势,在时间序列资料较少的情形下,"时空模式"预测结果较稳健。2020 年研究区大部分区域土壤Cd有污染,未来的风险管理应对无污染区域采取预防策略;对有污染区域采取控制策略;对重污染区域采取修复策略。     

镉在蒙脱石等粘土矿物上的吸附行为研究

研究了土壤中主要硅酸盐粘土矿物蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石、海泡石对重金属镉的吸附行为.结果表明:硅酸盐粘土矿物吸附镉受酸度和离子强度的影响;吸附反应是快反应,能很好地符合Lagergren二级吸附速度方程;优化条件下的高岭石对镉吸附很弱,蒙脱石、伊利石、海泡石对镉的实验饱和吸附容量分别为2.88、1.08、2.82 mg/g,蒙脱石吸附镉更适合Freundlich拟合,伊利石、海泡石对镉的吸附结果更适合Langmuir拟合;相关性分析表明,硅酸盐粘土矿物对镉的饱和吸附容量大小与其理化性质有关,其中矿物中氧化锰含量高低与其对镉饱和吸附容量大小的相关性达到极显著水平.     

凹凸棒石-双交联水凝胶微球钝化修复镉污染土壤研究

为研究凹凸棒石-双交联水凝胶微球(SA/PVA/ATP)对镉污染土壤钝化修复的效果,将SA/PVA/ATP添加到镉浓度为3.72 mg/kg的土壤中进行淹水培育,采用模拟酸雨、二乙烯三胺五乙酸(DTPA)和三乙醇胺(TEA)混合提取剂(DTPA提取剂)提取土壤有效态镉;采用欧共体标准局顺序提取方法(BCR)提取土壤中不同形态镉;讨论了SA/PVA/ATP添加量、土壤有效态镉和各形态镉的相关性;计算了钝化容量、修复效率和重金属风险评价指数,探究了SA/PVA/ATP对土壤镉的钝化机理。结果显示,随着SA/PVA/ATP的增加,DTPA提取剂和酸雨提取的有效态镉含量分别从1.72 mg/kg和0.024 mg/kg下降到0.66 mg/kg和0.004 4 mg/kg;土壤中的弱酸可提取态镉和可还原态镉含量分别从1.40 mg/kg和0.81 mg/kg下降到1.01 mg/kg和0.41 mg/kg,而可氧化态镉和残渣态镉含量分别从0.86 mg/kg和0.63 mg/kg增加到0.95 mg/kg和1.27 mg/kg。材料添加量与土壤中有效态镉、弱酸提取态镉和可还原态镉含量呈极显著负...     

根细胞壁中镉亚细胞分布对土壤-烟草系统中镉吸收、转运的影响

根细胞壁是植物吸收、转运镉(Cd)的第一道屏障。为了揭示烟草根细胞壁中Cd的亚细胞分布与结合形态对烟草茎叶Cd吸收、转运的影响机理,文中研究了12种不同烟草根、茎、叶对Cd的富集、转运特征,利用活体细胞分离技术分析了根细胞壁中Cd的亚细胞分布及结合形态,在此基础上对根细胞壁Cd的亚细胞分布与烟草Cd吸收、转运的关系进行了研究。结果表明不同烟草根、叶对土壤中Cd的富集系数间存在显著差异(P<0.05)：根中Cd含量为3.13~7.10 mg/kg,最大相差2.27倍;烟叶中Cd含量为3.29~9.93 mg/kg,最大相差3.0倍;根叶转运系数为0.50~3.17,最大相差6.34倍。烟草根部Cd主要以醋酸浸提态(FHAC)为主。不同细胞壁组分中Cd含量测定发现,去果胶后细胞壁(CW-P)中Cd含量显著增加,而去半纤维素后细胞壁中Cd含量显著降低。去果胶后细胞壁中Cd含量与根叶中Cd的转运系数呈显著的负相关,转运系数最低的K346中,CW-P中Cd含量最高,说明半纤维素是烟草根细胞壁蓄积Cd的主要场所,烟草根细胞壁中半纤维素对Cd的束缚降低了Cd通过长距离向地上部分的转运。