Efficient trapping of organic carbon in sediments on the continental margin with high fluvial sediment input off southwestern Taiwan

Accumulation rates of marine and terrigenous organic carbon in the continental margin sediments off southwestern Taiwan were estimated from the measured concentrations and isotopic compositions of total organic carbon (TOC) and previously reported sedimentation rates. Surficial sediments were collected from the study area spanning from the narrow shelf near the Kaoping River mouth to the deep slope with depths reaching almost 3000 m. The average sediment loading of Kaoping River is 17 Mt/yr, which yields high sediment accumulation rates ranging from 0.08 to 1.44 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹ in the continental margin. About half of the discharged sediments were deposited on the margin within 120 km of the river mouth. Carbon isotopic compositions of terrestrial and marine end-members of organic matter were determined, respectively, based on suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from three major rivers in the southwestern Taiwan and from an offshore station. All samples were analyzed for the TOC content and its isotopic composition (δ¹³C_org). The SPM samples were also analyzed for the total nitrogen (TN) content. TOC content in marine sediments ranges from 0.45% to 1.35% with the highest values on the upper slope near the Kaoping River mouth. The TOC/TN ratio of the SPM samples from the offshore station is 6.8±0.6, almost identical to the Redfield ratio, indicating their predominantly marine origin; their δ¹³C_org values are also typically marine with a mean of −21.5±0.3‰. The riverine SPM samples exhibit typical terrestrial δ¹³C_org values around −25‰. The δ¹³C_org values of surficial sediments range from −24.8‰ to −21.2‰, showing a distribution pattern influenced by inputs from the Kaoping River. The relative contributions from marine and terrestrial sources to sedimentary organic carbon were determined by the isotope mixing model with end-member compositions derived from the riverine and marine SPM. High fluvial sediment inputs lead to efficient trapping of organic carbon over a wide range of water depth in this continental margin. The marine organic accumulation rate ranges from 1.6 to 70 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ with an area weighted mean of 4.2 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, which is on a par with the mean terrestrial contribution and accounts for 2.3% of mean primary production. The depth-dependent accumulation rate of marine organic carbon can be simulated with a function involving primary productivity and mineral accumulation rate, which may be applicable to other continental margins with high sedimentation rates. Away from the nearshore area, the content of terrigenous organic carbon in surficial sediments decreases with distance from the river mouth, indicating its degradation in marine environments.     

Improving the treatment of the vertical snow burial fraction over short vegetation in the NCAR CLM3

One deficiency of the NCAR Community Land Model (CLM3) is the disappearance of the simulated snow even in the middle of winter over a boreal grassland site due to unrealistically modeled high downward turbulent fluxes. This is caused by the inappropriate treatment of the vertical snow burial fraction for short vegetation. A new snow burial fraction formulation for short vegetation is then proposed and validated using in situ observations. This modification in the CLM3 largely removes the unrealistic surface turbulent fluxes, leading to a more reasonable snowmelt process, and improves the snow water equivalent (SWE) simulation. Moreover, global offline simulations show that the proposed formulation decreases sensible and latent heat fluxes as well as the ground temperature during the snowmelt season over short vegetation dominant regions. Correspondingly, the SWE is enhanced, leading to the increase in snowmelt-induced runoff during the same period. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicate that these improvements are insensitive to the exact functional form or parameter values in the proposed formulation.     

通南巴地区飞仙关组三段储层成因机制探讨

通南巴地区飞仙关组三段储层近年获得了工业气流,储层压力较高,储层岩性主要为颗粒灰岩与泥微晶灰岩,物性较差,储集空间以铸模孔、粒内溶孔和晶间溶孔为主,且储集层横向变化大,纵向差异显著,总体看,该区储层发育欠佳。通过研究区成岩作用类型及其对孔隙演化的影响分析、成岩演化序列分析以及与邻区普光气田储层成岩作用对比分析,对通南巴地区的储层成因机制进行了深入讨论。通过研究发现,通南巴地区飞三段储层形成的主要控制因素有以下三个方面:（1）由于沉积成岩环境的限制,白云化作用非常微弱,基本不发育白云岩储层,这导致本区储层较差;（2）原生孔隙基本消失殆尽,溶蚀作用成为飞三段储层形成的关键因素,同生期的溶蚀作用在各期溶蚀作用中占主导地位;（3）由于在中—深埋藏阶段没有烃类注入,飞三段储层基本无TSR反应,破坏性成岩作用相对增强,储层无法得到改善。     

Burial and thermal history of the West Bashkirian sedimentary basins

The GALO system is applied to the numerical reconstruction of burial and thermal histories of the West Bashkirian lithosphere from the Riphean to the present. An analysis of the variation in tectonic subsidence of the basin during its development is utilized to estimate approximately the mantle heat flow variations. Our variant of basin evolution suggests that after cooling in the Early Riphean, the rather weak thermal reactivations have not led to considerable heating of the lithosphere in the study region. Surface heat flow decreased from relatively high values in the Early Riphean (60–70 mW/m² in the eastern area and 40–50 mW/m² in the western part) to present-day values of 32–40 mW/m². In spite of the relatively low temperature regime of the basin as a whole, a syn-rifting deposition of more than 10 km of limestone, shale and sandstone in the Riphean resulted in rather high temperatures (180–190 °C) at the base of present-day sedimentary blanket in the eastern area. In agreement with the observed data, computed present-day heat flow through the sediment surface increases slightly from 32 to 34 mW/m² near the west boundary of the region to 42 mW/m² near the boundary of the Ural Foldbelt, whereas the heat flow through the basement surface decreases slightly from 28–32 to 24–26 mW/m² in the same direction. The mantle heat flow is only 11.3–12.7 mW/m², which is considerable lower than mean heat flow of the Russian Platform (16–18 mW/m²) and comparable with the low heat flow of Precambrian shields.     

白云石化作用及白云岩问题研究述评

近年来,关于白云石化作用及白云岩问题,取得了更深层次的发展。从白云石化作用入手,介绍根据古代白云岩的成因所建立的五个主要成因模式:蒸发作用模式、渗流-回流模式、混合白云石化模式、埋藏白云石化模式及海水白云石化模式,并介绍了国内外最新研究进展和成果。认为利用染色薄片鉴定、阴极发光显微镜观察、微量元素分析、碳氧稳定同位素测定及包裹体测温等综合手段进一步研究,最终将解决这些问题。     

层间氧化带与埋藏型古地表氧化带的鉴别特征

本文结合新疆５１２矿床层间氧化带的特征,论述了层间氧化带及埋藏型古地表氧化带的主要特点,并得出层间氧化带的鉴别特征：后成因,对个别含水层的依存性,剖面上呈舌状,沿地层倾向具有明显的分带性及一定的矿物组合等。     

石膏对白云岩溶解影响的实验模拟研究

表生到埋藏成岩作用的温度与压力（４０-１３０℃、常压－３０ＭＰａ）条件下，含膏与不含膏白云岩的溶解实验证明:在表生与相对浅埋藏的温压条件（低于７５℃，２０ＭＰａ）下，石膏（或硬石膏）的存在可不同程度地加速白云岩的溶解，随着实验温度和压力的升高，石膏（或硬石膏）对白云岩溶解的这种积极作用逐渐降低。在相对深埋藏的温压条件（高于７５℃、２０ＭＰａ）下，石膏（或硬石膏）的存在显著阻止白云岩的溶解，随着实验温度和压力的继续升高，石膏（或硬石膏）对白云岩溶解的这种消极作用也逐渐增加。从实验的这种结果可以预测，在近地表条件下和埋藏成岩作用的早期阶段，由溶解作用造成的含膏白云岩地层的次生孔隙将比不含膏的白云岩地层更为发育，因而在经历了古风化作用的地层中，含膏白云岩层更易形成良好的储层；与之相反，在相对高温高压的深埋藏成岩阶段，不含膏的白云岩地层中将更容易因酸性水的溶解作用而形成次生孔隙。因而在非蒸发沉积环境中形成的白云岩体（如正常海沉积环境的灰岩中的白云岩透镜体）更易因深埋藏溶蚀作用而形成良好的储层。     

湖北宜昌地区寒武系岩石学特征及沉积环境

鄂西宜昌地区寒武系出露齐全、连续，且岩石类型多样、化石丰富，是我国寒武系的标准剖面之一。其沉积环境以潮下高能浅滩为主，其次为间歇能量的潮间带、滨岸的中小型浅滩，少数为开阔海较深处的静水灰泥沉积。石灰岩集中分布于下寒武统天河板组和水井沱组，其次在下寒武统的石牌组、中寒武统的磕膝包组、官山瑙组有少量夹层出现。其岩石类型有颗粒灰岩（鲕粒灰岩、核形石灰岩、砾屑灰岩及砂屑灰岩）、含颗粒泥粉晶灰岩（含生屑泥粉晶灰岩、含生屑灰岩）及泥晶灰岩。白云岩是本地区数量最多的岩石类型。从下寒武统石龙洞组开始都是白云岩沉积，白云岩可据白云石化作用机理和时间的不同分为准同生白云岩和准同生后白云岩两大类。准同生白云岩广泛出现于中上寒武统，岩石呈土黄色、砖红色，具纹层、鸟眼、干裂构。准同生后白云岩根据残余颗粒的有无可分为残余颗粒白云岩和晶粒白云岩两大类。晶粒白云岩有两种成因。一为回流渗透云化；二为深埋藏云化。根据本区寒武系岩石的岩石学特征、生物组合特征和结构构造特征本文重建了各组段的沉积环境.     

Silicification and dolomitization of anhydrite nodules in argillaceous terrestrial deposits: an example of meteoric-dominated diagenesis from the Triassic of central Spain

Cauliflower-shaped nodules are widespread in a single red mudstone bed in the Buntsandstein (Triassic) facies of the Iberian Range. They consist mostly of quartz, dolomite and calcite, but other minerals, such as barite, kaolinite and iron oxyhydroxides, are also present. The nodules are spherical, ovoid or elongate in shape and range from 1 to 8 cm across. The surface of the nodules is irregular, and some show a pedogenic coating of microspar. The sedimentological and petrographic data suggest that the initial anhydrite nodules formed through a progressive increase in the porewater concentration of Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2– in a vadose environment, occasionally under the influence of pedogenic processes. Partial replacement of the anhydrite by megaquartz occurred under more dilute conditions in the same type of setting, as indicated by the presence of organic filaments on the quartz crystal surfaces. In type A nodules, the dissolution of the innermost anhydrite was complete, and different types of quartz cement filled the porosity. Fracturing and meteoric cementation by calcite and minor amounts of kaolinite were the latest processes affecting these nodules. In type B nodules, the dissolution of the anhydrite was incomplete, inhibiting quartz cementation and enabling later dolomitization of the anhydrite. Dolomitization appears to have been driven by sulphate reduction, as indicated by the presence of bacterial bodies within the dolomite crystals. Dedolomitization and precipitation of barite, kaolinite and calcite spar cements occurred later under the influence of meteoric solutions. The nodules may mark the former locations of the water table and provide evidence for an episode of highly evaporitic conditions throughout wide areas of the basin. Their occurrence reveals not only a complex diagenetic history but is also indicative of palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic conditions.     

近百年来洱海沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化

湖泊沉积物有机碳埋藏是陆地碳循环中重要的环节,对全球碳平衡起着重要的作用.洱海是云贵高原第二大淡水湖,目前对洱海生态环境变化、重金属与营养盐污染等已展开了较为深入的研究,但对近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化与驱动因素缺乏系统的分析.本文通过对洱海北部湖区典型岩芯（编号EH2012）以及其他湖区13个沉积岩芯中有机碳（OC）含量的分析,结合湖泊生态环境与气候因子变化,研究了近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化特征与影响因素.C/N摩尔比值表明洱海沉积物中OC以湖泊内源为主,不同湖区岩芯中OC含量变化趋势基本相似.以EH2012岩芯为例,OC含量历史变化可分为3个阶段：1970年以前,表现出较稳定的低值;1970-2000年,OC含量逐渐增加;2000年以来,OC含量增加更加明显并达到近百年来的最大值.近百年来,EH2012岩芯有机碳累积速率（OCAR）呈逐渐增加趋势,变化范围为7.9~87.2 g/（m²·a）,平均OCAR（OCAR）为24.1 g/（m²·a）;OCAR变化与OC含量和区域气温呈显著正相关,全球变暖与营养驱动下的湖泊生产力提高可能是近年来OCAR增加的主要原因之一.基于重金属Cd污染初始时间建立的时标,1982年以来不同湖区OCAR为17.1~44.7 g/（m²·a）,采用克里金插值得到的全湖OCAR均值为31.4 g/（m²·a）;不同湖区OCAR与磷累积速率呈显著正相关,指示了湖泊营养水平对有机碳埋藏空间变化的重要影响.