The burial of biogenic silica,organic carbon and organic nitrogen in the sediments of the East China Sea

We sampled the sediments of the East China Sea during 2005 and 2006, and analysed the contents of the biogenic mat-ters: biogenic silica, organic carbon, and organic nitrogen. From the surface distribu...     

Application of numerical modelling to a case of compaction-driven dolomitization: a Jurassic palaeohigh in the Po Plain, Italy

Dolomitization of a carbonate platform can occur at different times and in different diagenetic environments, from synsedimentary to deep burial settings. Numerical simulations are valuable tools to test and select the model that, among different hypotheses compatible with field and geochemical data, best honour mass balance, kinetic and thermodynamic constraints. Moreover, the simulation can predict the distribution of the dolomitized bodies in the subsurface and evaluate porosity changes; valuable information for the oil industry. This study is the first attempt to reproduce and investigate the compaction dolomitization model. The diagenetic study of the Jurassic carbonate basin and palaeohigh system of the Po Plain indicates that the carbonates of the palaeohighs were dolomitized by basin compaction fluids. The main goal of the simulations is to evaluate the origin and evolution of the dolomitizing fluids and to provide insights regarding the distribution of the potential reservoir‐dolomitized bodies in the Po Plain. The modelling process is subdivided into two steps: basin modelling and reactive transport modelling. The SEBE3 basin simulator (Eni proprietary) was used to create a three‐dimensional model of the compacting system. The results include compaction fluid flow rate from the basin to the palaeohigh, compaction duration and a determination of the total amount of fluid introduced into the palaeohigh. These data are then used to perform reactive transport modelling with the TOUGHREACT code. Sensitivities on dolomite kinetic parameters suggest that dolomitization was an efficient process even at low temperatures, with differences mainly related to the dynamics of the process. Fluid composition is one of the main constraints, the sea water derived compaction fluid is proven to be efficient for dolomitization due to its relatively high Mg content. Simulations also confirmed that permeability is the most important factor influencing fluid flow and, consequently, the dolomite distribution in the formation. Permeable fractured zones have a strong influence, diverting the dolomitizing fluids from their normal path towards overlying or lateral zones. Moreover, the simulations showed that, after dolomite replacement is complete, the dolomitizing fluids can precipitate dolomite cement, causing over‐dolomitization, with related localized plugging effects in the zone of influx. Mass balance calculations indicate that in the dolomitization compaction model, the amount of compaction water fluxed from the basin to the carbonate is the main constraint on dolomitization efficiency. This observation implies that the ratio between the volume of the basin undergoing compaction and the volume of the palaeohigh is a limiting factor on the final size of the dolomitized bodies. An isolated palaeohigh could be an ideal site for pervasive replacement dolomitization due to the large volume of compaction fluids available compared with the carbonate rock volume. In the case of large platforms, the more permeable margin lithofacies are the most likely sites for compaction model dolomitization. The combined use of a basin simulator and reactive transport modelling has proved to be a successful method to verify model reliability and it provides insights into the volumetric distribution of diagenetic products.     

塔里木盆地东部地区寒武系-奥陶系白云岩特征及成因

通过对塔东低凸起带寒武系-奥陶系白云岩的岩石学特征、碳氧同位素特征、锶同位素比值特征、有序度等的分析,认为塔东地区带寒武系-奥陶系准同生阶段的泥-粉晶白云岩由受潮汐作用的海水泵汲作用形成;成岩阶段的细-中晶白云岩、粗-巨晶白云岩是在埋藏成岩环境中经过调整白云岩化以及成岩后期的外来热液作用引起的埋藏热液白云岩化作用形成。     

全球二叠系顶部白云岩与沉积相关系统计及其白云石化机制的意义

本文对全球范围内23个典型的研究程度较高的晚长兴期露头进行了研究,逐一检查了晚长兴期白云岩前身沉积的沉积相,结果发现所有白云岩的前身都是浅水相的(除汉中梁山一个剖面外)。相反,目前已经研究的深水相上二叠统碳酸盐沉积物都没有发生白云岩化。这一结果表明,世界范围内上二叠统顶部白云岩的形成机制可能都与海平面下降有关,很可能是蒸发成因的浓缩卤水使沉积物发生白云岩化。据此推断,四川盆地东北部长兴组白云岩也应当是此种成因。     

Unraveling rift margin evolution and escarpment development ages along the Dead Sea fault using cosmogenic burial ages

The Dead Sea fault (DSF) is one of the most active plate boundaries in the world. Understanding the Quaternary history and sediments of the DSF requires investigation into the Neogene development of this plate boundary. DSF lateral motion preceded significant extension and rift morphology by ~ 10 Ma. Sediments of the Sedom Formation, dated here between 5.0 ± 0.5 Ma and 6.2_− 2.1^+ inf Ma, yielded extremely low ¹⁰Be concentrations and ²⁶Al is absent. These reflect the antiquity of the sediments, deposited in the Sedom Lagoon, which evolved in a subdued landscape and was connected to the Mediterranean Sea. The base of the overlying Amora Formation, deposited in the terminal Amora Lake which developed under increasing relief that promoted escarpment incision, was dated at 3.3_− 0.8^+ 0.9 Ma. Burial ages of fluvial sediments within caves (3.4 ± 0.2 Ma and 3.6 ± 0.4 Ma) represent the timing of initial incision. Initial DSF topography coincides with the earliest Red Sea MORB's and the East Anatolian fault initiation. These suggest a change in the relative Arabian–African plate motion. This change introduced the rifting component to the DSF followed by a significant subsidence, margin uplift, and a reorganization of relief and drainage pattern in the region resulting in the topographic framework observed today.     

四川宣汉盘龙洞长兴组白云岩组构定向与统计特征及其成因意义

四川盆地东北部发育的长兴组礁滩相白云岩层是油气勘探的重点对象,盘龙洞剖面是四川盆地发育最好的长兴组露头,其成岩作用研究对于认识川东北长兴组储层的形成演化控制因素具有很强的借鉴作用。白云岩的组构和产状包含了成因信息,笔者根据薄片观察发现白云石交代结构可分为"均一"与"不等晶"交代两种类型,过渡关系与阴极发光观察结果均表明细中晶是由粉晶发育而来的,且细中晶白云石具"组构定向"现象。首次对该地区白云岩的组构进行了定量统计。统计结果表明,细中晶白云石粒径大小和含量在纵向上有明显的变化规律,含量自上而下减少、粒径变小。结合成岩作用、流体包裹体、阴极发光研究结果综合分析后认为:白云石化作用开始于成岩早期,白云化流体具有低温、高盐度的特点,白云化流体自上而下运移。     

轻度沙埋对典型荒漠植物的影响北大核心CSCD

中国西北干旱区以荒漠生态系统为主体,是中国典型脆弱生态系统。沙埋对该区域植物生存和生长、植被分布和组成以及荒漠生态系统功能和结构有重要影响。以典型荒漠植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为研究对象,对比研究了轻度沙埋和非沙埋植物在生理和生长方面的差异,并从土壤盐分、土壤水分、土壤温度等方面探究了造成这种差异的原因。结果表明:轻度沙埋环境下,梭梭、柽柳、白刺、沙拐枣的光合速率普遍高于非沙埋植株,蒸腾速率显著低于非沙埋植株,水分利用效率也均高于非沙埋植株。轻度沙埋梭梭、柽柳、沙拐枣、白刺株高明显低于非沙埋植株,但地径、冠幅、叶面积指数普遍高于非沙埋植株。主要原因是轻度沙埋植物下方土壤黏粒含量、土壤湿度高于非沙埋植物下方,轻度沙埋植物下方土壤温度、含盐量低于非沙埋环境。     

渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷石炭系—二叠系烃源岩生烃演化及与中—新生代构造演化的响应关系

渤海湾盆地石炭系—二叠系为烃源岩的古生界潜山内幕型原生油气藏认识程度低,勘探难度大,明确石炭系—二叠系烃源岩生烃演化过程及与中—新生代构造演化的响应关系对内幕型原生油气藏勘探具有重要意义。笔者等基于三维地震资料、典型井实测镜质体反射率、流体包裹体等数据资料,进一步采用构造解析、潜山埋藏史分析以及盆地生烃模拟等技术手段,探讨了渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中—新生代构造运动及对石炭系—二叠系烃源岩生烃演化的控制作用,明确了生烃时期及有利生烃范围。研究表明,黄骅坳陷中—新生代构造活动经历了“两期裂陷,两期抬升”的四个演化阶段,形成多种类型的埋藏史,构造运动引起的古地温变化使南北地区烃源岩进行差异了生烃演化,裂陷建造作用促进地温上升,有利于有机质生烃,挤压改造作用抑制地温上升,有机质生烃中止。乌马营潜山及歧北潜山具有3次生烃阶段,生烃期为早—中三叠纪、早白垩纪、古近纪,港北潜山具有两次生烃阶段,生烃期为早—中三叠纪、古近纪。黄骅坳陷内早期(即早—中三叠纪)生烃范围局限,晚期(即古近纪)生烃最有利,乌马营地区及歧北地区为原生油气藏有利勘探区。     

The Role of Seal and Source Rocks in Fluid-rock Interactions and their Reservoir Effects within the Carbonate Deep Burial Realm

Discoveries of deep high-quality carbonate reservoirs challenged the general understanding on the evolution of porosity decreasing with depth. New mechanisms of pore generation and preservation in the deep realm require to be proposed. Dolostones in the Feixianguan and Dengying Formations experienced maximum depths in excess of 8000 m, but still retained high porosity. Petrographic observation and homogenization temperatures help to identify products of deep fluid-rock interactions, visual and experimental porosity were used to quantify reservoir effects, the distribution of products finally being plotted to unravel the mechanisms. Th data reveal that thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), burial dissolution and quartz cementation are typical deep fluid-rock interactions. The SO42? of residual porewater sourced from the evaporative dolomitizing fluid was supplied for TSR in the hydrocarbon column, the TSR-inducing calcite cements were homogeneously dispersed in the hydrocarbon column. Quartz cementation was caused by the increasing acidity and Si-rich residual porewater in the oil column. Burial dissolution is forced by organic acid and limited in oil–water contact. This study suggests that seal and source rocks not only play important roles in hydrocarbon accumulation, but also have a general control on the deep fluid-rock interactions and porosity evolution in the deep burial realm.     

Low-grade regional metamorphism in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic sequences of the Central Andes

ABSTRACT All the Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Central Andes (from southern Ecuador to central Chile), except Recent ones, have been affected by episodes of regional metamorphism, without change in texture and structure. The metamorphism, which ranges from low zeolite to greenschist facies, can be classified as burial metamorphism because there is an overall increase in metamorphic grade with stratigraphic depth in the individual volcanic sequences separated by regional unconformities. Some sequences display metamorphic patterns transitional to ocean-floor and to geothermal field types, reflecting variations along and across the Andes in tectonic setting and thermal gradients. Volcanism was closely followed by metamorphism during each cycle characterizing the geological history of the Central Andes. The episodic nature of the metamorphism has led to breaks in metamorphic grade at regional unconformities and repetition of facies series, where strata of higher grade may even overlie those of lower grade. The existence of permeability-controlled distribution patterns of secondary minerals within individual flows shows that gradients of chemical activity, rate of reaction and P_fluid were acting, in addition to temperature and P,_tot overall gradients, during the regional metamorphism. The alteration is accompanied by chemical changes and disturbances of the K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotope systems. Similarities between Mesozoic facies series in the western and eastern flanks of the Andes are consistent with a mechanism of ensialic spreading-subsidence.