川西坳陷彭州地区雷四上亚段白云岩形成机理

根据岩心观察、普通薄片及铸体薄片鉴定、阴极发光显微镜观察、扫描电镜、碳氧稳定同位素测定、锶同位素测定、全岩分析、微量元素分析、X衍射分析等手段,对川西坳陷彭州地区雷口坡组四段上亚段白云岩类型及成因机理进行了详细的研究。研究区雷四上亚段白云岩晶粒细,主要由微晶-粉晶组成,细晶白云岩少见,白云石呈半自形-自形晶;δ13C同位素在-4.8‰~3‰之间,平均值为1.92‰,呈现低正值的特征;δ18O同位素在-8.1‰~0.6‰之间,平均值为-5.04‰,呈现中负值的特征;锶同位素比值较低,在0.7077~0.7087之间,二价铁离子含量较高、锰离子含量较低,具有较低的有序度和低的Mg/Ca值的特点。各种资料表明,这套展布稳定的白云岩主要为沉积成因,为潮坪相潮间-潮上带的同生-准同生白云岩,其次为埋藏白云石化成因。     

塔中Ⅰ号断裂坡折带上奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层微观孔隙成因

塔中Ⅰ号断裂坡折带上奥陶统良里塔格组碳酸盐岩储集空间类型主要有孔、洞、缝三大类,微观储集空间主要有粒内溶孔、铸模孔、粒间溶孔、晶间溶孔和微裂缝。通过对台地边缘16口井的良里塔格组灰岩进行岩石薄片鉴定、胶结物地球化学分析以及成岩演化序列研究,指出微观孔隙主要形成于埋藏成岩环境中,并列出4项具有指示意义的证据,包括：方解石胶结物中高温包裹体普遍存在;方解石胶结物稳定氧碳同位素丰度分异特征;灰岩中丰富与优质储层伴生的指示埋藏成岩作用的白云石;广泛分布的H₂S气体。此外,分析了溶蚀性流体的主要组分和不同区域埋藏溶蚀作用强度的差异性。     

Zebra and boxwork fabrics in hydrothermal dolomites of northern Canada: Indicators for dilational fracturing,dissolution or in situ replacement?

Zebra and boxwork fabrics in Manetoe and Presqu'ile hydrothermal dolomites provide critical data for discrimination between hypotheses for their origin. In a unique occurrence, sets of weakly imbricated, decimetre‐sized curvilinear lenticles of white dolospar are developed within sub‐metre sized tongues of greyish‐white dolomitized crinoidal packstone and grainstone. This nascent zebra fabric has developed along wavy to nodular intra‐bed sedimentary partings. Primary bedding can be traced through dolomitized masses containing these fabrics, into the surrounding undolomitized limestone. All zebra and boxwork fabrics are confined within single beds, consistent with an early burial time of origin. No change in bed thickness occurs across zebra or boxwork fabrics within beds; this indicates a dissolutional, rather than a dilational, origin for the creation of pore space partly cemented with white dolospar. The dolomitized groundmass displays an abruptly gradational or sharp transition to centripetal saddle dolomite cement, which partially to nearly completely, occludes vugs. Circulation of geothermally heated hypersaline Devonian Elk Point basinal sea water brines led to dissolution and replacive dolomitization of limestone adjacent to vugs, and near‐contemporaneous precipitation of white dolospar within dissolutional vugs, consistent with geochemical simulations. The presence of downward‐extending galleries of white dolospar‐cemented solution‐collapse breccia provides further support for an interpretation of regional thermally driven convection of hydrothermal evaporative sea water brines across a broad area of northern Canada. The absence of gases under pressure in vacuoles within fluid inclusions from Manetoe and Presqu'ile dolospars is also more consistent with a dissolutional and contemporaneous dolomitization origin for these fabrics, rather than an origin involving dilational fracturing for space creation and dolospar precipitation. The ubiquitous presence of zebra and boxwork fabrics in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs indicates that they are not confined fault zones and instead occur wherever precursor limestones had relatively greater porosity and permeability prior to dolomitization.     

济阳坳陷桩海地区下古生界潜山储层成因机制研究

通过对桩海地区下古生界碳酸盐岩的锰、锶、镁等微量元素及氧、碳、锶等同位素的测试与分析研究认为,白云石化作用和岩溶作用是济阳坳陷桩海地区下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山储层最为重要的成因机制。该区有价值的冶里～亮甲山组储集层与埋藏成岩过程的白云石化作用,尤其与粒屑的优先白云石化造成的体积收缩作用有关,主要分布于成岩白云岩成因类型中。在不整合面附近的海相碳酸盐岩主要受到印支、燕山再曝露期古喀斯特作用强烈的大气淡水的改造而形成良好的岩溶储层,这种改造作用的记录表现在各种洞或脉中的碳酸盐矿物的^87Sr／^86Sr比值显高于基质碳酸盐,而大多数样品的δ^13C和δ^18O值则显低于基质。单井地球化学剖面说明,大气淡水作用深度主要集中在不整合面之下150m的深度范围,并对先前形成的白云岩储层进行岩溶改造。     

Silicification and dolomitization of anhydrite nodules in argillaceous terrestrial deposits: an example of meteoric-dominated diagenesis from the Triassic of central Spain

Cauliflower-shaped nodules are widespread in a single red mudstone bed in the Buntsandstein (Triassic) facies of the Iberian Range. They consist mostly of quartz, dolomite and calcite, but other minerals, such as barite, kaolinite and iron oxyhydroxides, are also present. The nodules are spherical, ovoid or elongate in shape and range from 1 to 8 cm across. The surface of the nodules is irregular, and some show a pedogenic coating of microspar. The sedimentological and petrographic data suggest that the initial anhydrite nodules formed through a progressive increase in the porewater concentration of Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2– in a vadose environment, occasionally under the influence of pedogenic processes. Partial replacement of the anhydrite by megaquartz occurred under more dilute conditions in the same type of setting, as indicated by the presence of organic filaments on the quartz crystal surfaces. In type A nodules, the dissolution of the innermost anhydrite was complete, and different types of quartz cement filled the porosity. Fracturing and meteoric cementation by calcite and minor amounts of kaolinite were the latest processes affecting these nodules. In type B nodules, the dissolution of the anhydrite was incomplete, inhibiting quartz cementation and enabling later dolomitization of the anhydrite. Dolomitization appears to have been driven by sulphate reduction, as indicated by the presence of bacterial bodies within the dolomite crystals. Dedolomitization and precipitation of barite, kaolinite and calcite spar cements occurred later under the influence of meteoric solutions. The nodules may mark the former locations of the water table and provide evidence for an episode of highly evaporitic conditions throughout wide areas of the basin. Their occurrence reveals not only a complex diagenetic history but is also indicative of palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic conditions.     

南海珠江口盆地流花地区珠江组碳酸盐岩埋藏酸性流体溶蚀机理初探

以流花地区珠江组碳酸盐岩储集层抽提物GC、GC/MS分析为基础,结合区域构造运动史、地层水动力特征等,分析了该区埋藏酸性流体的成因与来源,探讨了"白垩状"灰岩的形成以及该区的埋藏酸性流体溶蚀模式。研究认为,埋藏酸性流体主要来自惠州凹陷文昌组烃源岩热演化成因有机酸,原油生物降解成因有机酸,岩浆活动生成的CO2等酸性流体。"白垩状"灰岩是在活跃油田底水环境下,主要由有机酸性流体长期溶蚀、浸泡和淘洗作用的结果。埋藏酸性流体以东沙构造运动形成的深大断裂及伴生的复杂裂缝网络为运移通道和物质交换空间,在流花低势汇流的强水动力条件下,与碳酸盐岩发生强烈的酸—岩反应,造成地层溶蚀垮塌,形成了现今流花地区灰岩坑的分布面貌。研究还排除了该区灰岩坑大气淡水溶蚀作用和白云岩化溶蚀作用成因的可能性。     

中国中西部盆地海相白云岩主要形成机制与模式

塔里木、四川及鄂尔多斯盆地是中国中西部海相白云岩的主要发育地区。三大盆地重点层系海相白云岩新近的成因研究表明,大规模准同生白云岩和埋藏成因白云岩的发育均与蒸发台地密切相关。蒸发台地中由海水浓缩形成的富Mg~(2+)卤水一方面在准同生期,通过蒸发泵和下渗机制交代碳酸钙沉积物而形成与蒸发岩共生的准同生白云岩,另一方面作为富含Mg~(2+)的地层孔隙水,在准同生-浅埋藏期乃至中、深埋藏期,通过侧向渗透、侧向与垂向压实排挤和垂向热对流机制与粗结构的碳酸钙沉积物发生交代反应,在蒸发岩系周边和上下形成广泛分布的埋藏成因白云岩。与热流体作用有关的白云石化主要依靠构造断裂、裂缝、不同级次的层序界面、孔洞层等输导体系发生,分布较局限。热流体云化常表现为对先期白云岩进行叠加改造而形成热水改造白云岩。热流体性质不一,可以是深埋藏混合热水、深部循环水、地幔深部的岩浆热液等。白云石(岩)的生物成因不仅表现为微生物作用导致白云石直接沉淀,还表现为生物的存在与活动为白云石化作用提供Mg~(2+)和云化流体通道。由微生物和宏观藻释放出Mg~(2+),在埋藏期对方解石进行交代是各种富含藻类的灰岩中部分白云石的重要形成机制。生物扰动可明显改善岩石的孔渗性,从而显著促进白云石化作用的发生。     

建南地区飞仙关组三段白云岩分布与成因--基于三维地震、岩石学和地球化学综合分析

建南地区飞三段是现今研究区重要的产气层,储层类型主要为致密颗粒灰岩和细晶白云岩,然而,相对优质储层均发育于白云岩中。因此,对飞三段白云岩分布规律的研究是预测优质储层的基础。本研究基于录井、测井、岩芯和三维地震等资料,在构建单井白云石含量曲线的基础上,利用多属性转换分析建立三维地震属性与白云石含量曲线的关系,反演白云石含量在平面和剖面上的分布,结合岩石学、地球化学和沉积相对白云岩化流体的性质与来源进行了分析。建南地区飞三段白云岩以细晶、平面自形-半自形为主,非平面它形晶少量分布。阴极发光下白云石为暗红色,无或少量环带状结构。利用多属性转换方法建立地震属性与白云石含量的关系,当选取5个地震属性组合时对白云石含量的预测最佳,预测误差为9%。五个属性分别为 Amplitude Weighted Frequency、Amplitude Weighted Cosine Phase、Derivative Instantaneous Amplitude、Quadrature Trace 和 Integrate。将预测的白云岩分布与沉积相叠合显示白云岩主要分布于台内洼地的两侧,向台地内部规模和厚度逐渐减小。综合地球化学数据和白云岩的分布特征说明,白云岩化流体主要来源于台内洼地的泥灰岩和泥晶灰岩的压实海源流体。随埋深的加大,洼地沉积物中的富Mg流体优先侧向运移至洼地两侧的孔隙性颗粒滩中并发生白云岩化作用。因此,洼地边缘颗粒滩是优质白云岩储层的有利勘探区。     

Neogene Paleoseismic Events and the Shanwang Biota’s Burial in the Linqu Area, Shandong Province, China

Several paleoseismic events are recorded in the Neogene Linqu Group, exposed in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, China. The events were interpreted on the basis of fieldwork and laboratory analysis, which showed the presence of seismites with plastically deformed soft-sediment deformation structures in the Shanwang Formation, and of seismic volcanic rocks in the Yaoshan Formation which show brittle deformation. The earthquake-triggered soft-sediment deformations in the seismites include load structures, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, pillow-like beds, boudinage structures, slump folds, syn-depositional faults, veins of liquefied sand, and dikes of liquefied sandy lime-mud. The seismic activity is also reflected in what might be called ‘brittle seismites'; these originated when, under the influence of seismic vibrations, semi-consolidated conglomerate was shattered. Moreover, volcanic activity is related to intense earthquakes that affected basalts intercalated with sand layers; these successions are known as ‘seismic volcanic rocks', which are characterized by veins of liquefied sand intruding the basalts. All above traces of paleoseismic activity were left from one single time span of 4 Ma with active seismicity that took place 14–10 Ma. This time span is known as ‘the Linqu Neogene Paleoseismic Active Period', which is divided into four paleoseismic episodes, which were responses to tectonic extension and basin rifting in this area. It even includes the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone during the Miocene and the Neogene. The ratios of trace elements in the seismites, w(La)/w(Sc) and w(La)/w(Th) are higher than the average value of the upper crust, but w(Th)/w(Sc) is lower; this is geochemical evidence for the basin rifting that resulted in a high sedimentation rate. The intense and frequent paleo-earthquakes are held responsible for the rapid burial of the Shanwang Biota. Secondary earthquake-induced processes(e.g. slumping of a lake shore and the strongly increased lacustrine sedimentation rate) contributed to the rapid burial of the biota.     

Autochthonous Dolomitization and Dissolution in the Microbial Carbonate Rocks of the Fengjiawan Formation in the Ordos Basin

Many euhedral dolomite crystals and related pores are found in the microbial siliceous stromatolite dolomite and siliceous oolitic dolomite in the Fengjiawan Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in the southern Ordos Basin. With the application of the microscope, scanning electron microscope, cathodoluminescence and in-situ trace element imaging, it can be seen that different from the phase I dolomite that was damaged by silicification, the intact euhedral phase II dolomite occurred through dolomitization after silicification, concentrated mainly in the organic-rich dark laminae of the stromatolite and the dark spheres and cores of the ooids. A considerable number of phase II dolomite crystals were dissolved, giving rise to mold pores and vugs which constituted the matrix pores and also the major pore space of the Fengjiawan Formation. The formation and dissolution of the dolomite were controlled by the microenvironment favorable, respectively, for carbonate precipitation and dissolution under the influence of microbial biological activities and related biochemical reactions. The driving force and material supply of dolomitization and dissolution were confined to the fabrics enriched with microorganisms, which are highly autochthonous. This mechanism may be a key factor for the development of Precambrian dolomite and related reservoirs, in the context of the domination of microbial rocks.