塔北隆起哈拉哈塘凹陷东河砂岩成岩作用及其控制因素

通过岩心及薄片的观察,结合扫描电镜阴极发光等资料分析,对哈拉哈塘地区东河砂岩成岩作用进行了研究。结果表明：东河砂岩以岩屑石英砂岩为主,成岩作用类型有压实作用、胶结作用、溶解作用及交代作用。综合成岩作用的组合类型及其演化序列,认为本区东河砂岩主体处于中成岩阶段A期。分别讨论了沉积相、埋藏作用和层序地层等对成岩作用的控制,研究区东河砂岩在低温背景下,长期浅埋且晚期短暂快速深埋,总体上压实程度中等;主要发育滨岸和浪控三角洲沉积体系,在高精度层序界面附近,相对海平面上升,可容纳空间增大,沉积物沉积速率相对较低,且停留时间长,在同生成岩和早成岩阶段容易形成广泛分布的碳酸盐胶结。     

Host rock dolomitization and secondary porosity development in the Upper Devonian Cairn Formation of the Fairholme carbonate complex (South‐west Alberta,Canadian Rockies): diagenesis and geochemical modelling

The Upper Devonian carbonate reefs in West‐central Alberta are important petroleum reservoirs that are well‐known for their extensive secondary porosity. An outcrop analogue study indicates that an early matrix‐selective dolomitization event occurred which is characterized by a major Late Devonian sea water component with increased salinity because of evaporation. It is interpreted that the matrix (replacive) dolomite formed during the Famennian as the result of a combination of both seepage and latent reflux dolomitization, although an additional type or overprinting of later intermediate burial dolomitization cannot be excluded. Formation of the moulds is attributed mainly to the dissolution of undolomitized fossil cores, most typically stromatoporoids. Geochemical modelling indicates that carboxylic acid fluids have the highest potential for dissolving residual calcite in this case. Geochemical models consistent with this analysis and interpretations can reproduce the secondary porosity and suggest a viable dolomitization process for the localities studied.     

Dolomitization by hypersaline reflux into dense groundwaters as revealed by vertical trends in strontium and oxygen isotopes: Upper Muschelkalk,Switzerland

The Trigonodus Dolomit is the dolomitized portion of the homoclinal ramp sediments of the Middle Triassic Upper Muschelkalk in the south‐east Central European Basin. Various dolomitizing mechanisms, followed by recrystallization, have been previously invoked to explain the low δ¹⁸O, high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, extensive spatial distribution and early nature of the replacive matrix dolomites. This study re‐evaluates the origin, timing and characteristics of the dolomitizing fluids by examining petrographic and isotopic trends in the Trigonodus Dolomit at 11 boreholes in northern Switzerland. In each borehole the ca 30 m thick unit displays the same vertical trends with increasing depth: crystal size increase, change from anhedral to euhedral textures, ultraviolet‐fluorescence decrease, δ¹⁸O_VPDB decrease from ?1·0‰ at the top to ?6·7‰ at the base and an ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr increase from 0·7080 at the top to 0·7117 at the base. Thus, dolomites at the top of the unit record isotopic values similar to Middle Triassic seawater (δ¹⁸O_VSMOW = 0‰; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0·70775) while dolomites at the base record values similar to meteoric groundwaters from the nearby Vindelician High (δ¹⁸O_VSMOW = ?4·0‰; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = >0·712). According to water–rock interaction modelling, a single dolomitizing or recrystallizing fluid cannot have produced the observed isotopic trends. Instead, the combined isotopic, geochemical and petrographic data can be explained by dolomitization via seepage‐reflux of hypersaline brines into dense, horizontally‐advecting groundwaters that already had negative δ¹⁸O and high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values. Evidence for the early groundwaters is found in meteoric calcite cements that preceded dolomitization and in fully recrystallized dolomites with isotopic characteristics identical to the groundwaters following matrix dolomitization. This study demonstrates that early groundwaters can play a decisive role in the formation and recrystallization of massive dolomites and that the isotopic and textural signatures of pre‐existing groundwaters can be preserved during seepage‐reflux dolomitization in low‐angle carbonate ramps.     

In situ characterization of dolomite crystals: Evaluation of dolomitization process and its effect on zoning

Dolomitization is a dissolution–re‐precipitation process which proceeds via micrometre‐scale interface reaction horizons. However, the effect of this fundamental local medium of replacement process on precipitated dolomite crystals is rarely investigated. For this purpose, dolomite samples of Ordovician Boat Harbour Formation carbonates (Newfoundland, Canada) from Main Brook and Daniel's Harbour (about 150 km apart) were studied. The investigation used high‐resolution approaches to carry out imaging and elemental analyses of individual dolomite crystals, including scanning electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy‐based cathodoluminescence, secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microprobe analysis. The purpose was to better understand geochemical variations across the crystal traverses and their association with dolomite replacement processes and conditions. The scanning electron microscopy‐based cathodoluminescence‐zoning character reveals three major crystal facies. Distinctly (planar boundaries) zoned core and indistinctly zoned core are zoned dolomite crystal facies in burial dolomite from Main Brook. Relatively unzoned crystal facies was identified in that of Daniel's Harbour. Compositionally zoned dolomite crystals are characterized by decreasing Sr, Na, Y and ∑REE but increasing Mn and Fe from core to rim sections. ‘Core to rim’ zoning was not found for major (Mg and Ca) elements. The zoning exhibited by the replacive dolomite crystals is interpreted to be, principally, a result of limited exchange between solutes of the bulk pore fluid and those of dissolving precursor marine carbonate. In tandem with petrographic features, the systematic compositional zoning character demonstrates that the effectiveness of the dolomitization process grades from indistinctly zoned core to relatively unzoned crystal facies via interface reaction horizons. Homogenization of major elements of core and rim sections, seen in distinctly zoned core crystal facies and to a much greater extent in relatively unzoned crystal facies, via a secondary reaction interface, is the first recognized stage of the ‘maturation process’ followed by homogenization of the trace elements seen largely in relatively unzoned crystal facies.     

埋藏压实-侧向挤压过程对库车坳陷深层储层物理性质的改造机理

早期长期浅埋、后期快速深埋及晚期强烈的侧向挤压作用是西部前陆盆地共性的地质演化过程,埋藏(机械)压实-侧向挤压过程对深层砂岩储层岩石物理性质与储集性具有重要的改造作用。开展成岩物理模拟实验研究,并与实际地质分析相结合,探索改造作用机制的演化过程,认为持续的垂向压实作用使储层碎屑颗粒由松散状至紧密堆积。在晚期侧向挤压、持续垂向埋藏压实共同作用下,深层碎屑颗粒表现为明显的共轭双方向定向排列特征。在快速垂向压实和强烈的侧向挤压应力作用下,石英、长石等颗粒内出现明显的无定向微裂缝、共轭剪切微裂缝。微裂缝的出现可增强颗粒的可溶蚀性,提高储层渗透性。明确埋藏(机械)压实-侧向挤压过程对深层砂岩储层物理性质与储集性的改造作用机制,对评价与预测深层有利储层的分布具有积极作用。     

Quantification of the magnitude of net erosion in the southwest Barents Sea using sonic velocities and compaction trends in shales and sandstones

During specific intervals within Mesozoic and Cenozoic times, several areas of the southwestern Barents Sea were subjected to uplift and erosion. Areas with missing shallow stratigraphic interval sections and major erosion can be seen at several places along interpreted regional profiles in the southwestern Barents Sea. A new Normal Compaction Trend (NCT) for two selected shale– and sandstone–dominated lithologies has been constructed based on sonic logs in the southwestern Barents Sea. The shale– dominated NCT is calibrated to the Cretaceous shales in the northern North Sea and Norwegian Sea and applied to the Cretaceous shales of the Barents Sea. The sandstone–dominated NCT is calibrated to the Lower Jurassic Åre Formation of the Norwegian Sea and applied to the Lower Jurassic–Upper Triassic coastal plain section in the Barents Sea. By utilising the NCT model, the study estimates net apparent erosion in 28 selected Barents Sea wells based on comparison of sonic log velocities. A net apparent erosion map of the study area was constructed by gridding of the well values. The accuracy of the map is limited in areas with little well control, such as in the northwest, where the east–west transition into the southwestern Barents Sea region is poorly constrained. With that in mind, the map clearly shows two regional trends which dominate the erosion pattern in the study area; an increasing amount of erosion towards the north and a sharp decrease of erosion westwards of the hinge zone into the southwestern Barents Sea. The highest erosion estimates are observed towards Svalbard, with values up to 2500 m. The results of this study can be further utilized in petroleum system studies in the eroded areas.     

基于几个黄土物性参数的震陷判定研究

依据试验数据,研究了含水量、孔隙比和埋藏深度对黄土震陷性的影响规律,结果显示,黄土震陷临界含水量随着动应力的增加而减小,浅层黄土较深层黄土水敏性更强,在50~80kPa之间,临界含水量有一个急剧下降的特征;在典型黄土地区,黄土的孔隙比小于一定数值(宝鸡地区0.73、兰州地区0.86)时,震陷不会发生;在天然含水量情况下,黄土震陷深度曲线随动应力的增加经历了一个从平稳、快速、再收敛至最大震陷深度的发展过程。     

胡杨种子出苗对沙埋和供水条件的响应

为探讨胡杨种子出苗对沙埋和供水条件的响应,对其进行0 cm、0.2 cm、0.3 cm、0.5 cm 4个沙埋深度和4.4 mm、8.8 mm、17.6 mm、22.1 mm、26.5 mm 5个供水处理。结果表明:①沙埋深度、供水量及两者的交互作用对出苗率的影响均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）;②供水条件一致时,种子出苗的适宜埋深为0～0.3 cm,埋深为0.5 cm时出苗率为0;③埋深0 cm和0.3 cm时,每天供水量17.6 mm和每两天供水量22.1 mm下的出苗率均显著高于其他处理;埋深为0.2 cm时,每天供水量8.8 mm和每两天供水量26.5 mm下的出苗率显著高于其他供水量（P<0.05）;④胡杨种子出苗较为适宜的沙埋深度和供水量条件是埋深0.3 cm、每天供水量17.6 mm或每两天供水量22.1 mm。     

DEXP反演方法在寻找钾盐中的应用

为验证DEXP反演方法在寻找钾盐中的效果,先从DEXP反演方法的原理着手,然后将其应用于某地区实测布格重力异常数据的处理中,确定钾盐矿的埋藏深度,取得了非常好的效果.结果表明,在矿产勘查中应用DEXP反演方法确定场源埋藏深度是可行有效的.     

不同温度和沙埋深度对砂生槐种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在沙地环境中,沙埋是影响植物种子萌发和幼苗存活的一个重要因素。砂生槐是西藏特有的沙生植物,主要分布在雅鲁藏布江中游地区及拉萨河、年楚河等主要支流宽谷区。对砂生槐幼苗进行了控制沙埋试验,研究了不同温度和沙埋深度对砂生槐种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明,温度和沙埋深度显著影响砂生槐种子的萌发率和出苗率。在15～30 ℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高,种子萌发率显著下降,15 ℃时,其种子萌发率达到最高值;砂生槐种子能在深度≤10 cm的沙埋中萌发,≤8 cm的沙埋中出苗,在此范围内,随着沙埋深度的增加,砂生槐种子的萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低。沙埋深度在植株高度的33％时,砂生槐幼苗能够存活,且总生物量大于未沙埋幼苗;当沙埋深度增至植株高度的66％时,砂生槐幼苗存活率降至43％,生长受到抑制;而当沙埋深度增至植株高度的100％和133％时,没有砂生槐幼苗存活。可见砂生槐植株在适应沙埋环境方面主要采用调整生物量分配模式的生态对策。