交通荷载下软土地基长期沉降的有限元法

软土地基在交通荷载作用下的长期沉降是决定软土地区交通设施耐久性的关键因素。为合理地预测该部分沉降,提出了一个适用于交通荷载长期作用下的饱和软土累积变形（残余体变和残余剪切变形）计算的经验公式。该模型采用一个反映排水条件的参数描述不同的排水条件对残余体变发展过程的影响。通过采用体变硬化模式,考虑部分排水条件对残余体积变形和残余剪切变形发展过程的影响。基于该经验模型,发展了有限元实用计算方法,编制了相应的程序ROAD2D。通过对实际边值问题的计算,验证了该模型和计算方法的合理性和有效性。分析结果表明,与部分排水路段相比,排水不畅的路段在交通荷载长期作用下将出现更大的地基沉降和侧向挤出,其变形模式更不利于路面的正常使用。     

不同应力路径下剪切带的数值模拟

采用回映应力更新算法,编写了基于伏斯列夫面的超固结黏土本构关系模型子程序,嵌入非线性有限元软件ABAQUS。通过对单元试验进行三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变等问题的模型预测,再现了超固结黏土在不同初始超固结比和应力路径时的变形和强度特性,从而验证了子程序的正确性。借助该本构模型,对三轴压缩、三轴伸长及平面应变应力路径下超固结黏土体变形局部化问题,进行了三维数值模拟。分析结果表明：超固结黏土在三轴压缩及伸长状态时,土体变形局部化在应力-应变关系软化时出现,而平面应变状态时,在应力-应变关系硬化阶段出现,其超固结黏土的剪胀特性在剪切带的形成过程中起重要作用。     

深埋隧洞卸荷过程中围岩应力变形的时间效应

深埋圆形隧洞围岩的应力应变状态是深地下工程设计的重要参考依据。针对岩体内部的缺陷引起的应力集中和松弛,建立了局部附加应力与缺陷尺度和卸载时间之间的联系,得到圆形隧洞在卸载时围岩破坏前遵循的一系列方程,进而推导出围岩变形的解析积分表达式。将围岩应力应变的时间效应分为卸载阶段和应力松弛阶段,通过逐步逼近法分别求解了围岩的应力和变形的近似解析表达式。该近似解析式考虑了岩体内部缺陷处应力集中的影响和卸载的时间效应,可用来考察不同半径处缺陷应力集中和卸载快慢对应力变形状态的影响。计算表明,围岩内部在卸载过程中和卸载完成后均存在局部附加拉应力集中,围岩变形在卸载完成后仍会进一步增加。     

疲劳动剪应变门槛与武广高铁无碴轨道路堑基床长期动力稳定

针对武广高铁无碴轨道红黏土路堑基床长期动力稳定性问题,利用改造后的应力控制式动三轴仪代替国内尚无的剪应变控制式共振柱仪,测试土体疲劳动剪应变门槛值,提出了一套完整的试验方案和数据处理方法,为疲劳动剪应变门槛的确定开辟了新的试验途径。通过疲劳动三轴试验,获得了9种试验条件下红黏土疲劳动剪应变门槛值。按曲线走势特征,红黏土 - 曲线可分为稳定型、临界型、破坏型3类,且不同试验条件下同类型的曲线具有相似的走势特征;探讨了含水比、围压对红黏土疲劳动剪应变门槛的影响,给出了简单实用的疲劳动剪应变门槛经验估算公式;基于室内试验及现场动响应测试成果,采用动剪应变法初步评价了武广高铁无碴轨道红黏土路堑基床的动力稳定性,给出了不同物理状态下红黏土基床最小换填厚度建议值。研究成果为我国高速铁路无碴轨道土质路基动力稳定性评价及路堑基床换填厚度的确定提出了新的思路,也为红黏土疲劳特性的深入研究提供了宝贵的第一手资料。     

Soil physical properties change in the process of oasisization

Oasisization is a process of converting a natural desert into a man-made oasis in order to satisfy social needs under certain economical and technical conditions. This paper substitutes space for time in order to study physical property changes of oasis soil along the oasisization in about a 1,000-year period. This research focuses on providing the bases for better understanding the process of oasisization. The results show: (1) In about 1,000-year chronological scale, the bulk density and the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity of the surface layer (0-20 cm) significantly reduced with the increase of land reclamation time, while soil porosity, stability of aggregates, and silt content significantly increased. The soil bulk density of the unreclaimed filed (0 year) and the reclaimed field (about 1,000 years) in the surface layer (0-20 cm) are 1.51 g/cm3 and 1.35 g/cm3, the total porosity are 43.16% and 49.27%, the capillary porosity are 38.73% and 47.10%, the water-stable aggregate (0.25 mm) content are 24.60% and 49.59%, the sand content are 85.42% and 61.56%, the clay content are 3.93% and 4.80%, the specific surface area are 128 cm2/g and 231 cm2/g, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity are 0.74 cm/h and 0.34 cm/h, respectively. (2) In the first 30 years of the oasis reclamation, the changes are relatively fast, and the rates of the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, dry aggregate (0.25 mm), water-stable aggregate (0.25 mm) content, and specific surface area are 0.01 cm/h·yr, 0.58%/yr, 0.50%/yr, and 1.48 cm2/g yr, respectively.     

考虑围压影响的岩石峰后应变软化力学模型

试验表明,随着围压增加,岩石峰后残余强度和割线模量增加,如何模拟围压对岩石峰后应变软化力学行为的影响是岩石峰后力学行为研究的关键。利用Z. Fang[1]提出的峰后强度下降指数描述围压对岩石峰后残余强度和割线模量的影响,与摩尔-库仑模型结合,建立了考虑围压影响的岩石峰后应变软化力学模型。在FLAC环境下,利用Fish函数方法开发了相应的数值计算程序。数值算例研究了Tennessee大理岩在不同围压下的应变软化过程,模拟结果与试验数据基本一致,表明建立的模型合理,可以应用于岩石峰后软化过程的模拟。     

Soil and plant responses to degradation of alpine grassland in source region of the Yellow River

Land degradation has been rapidly taking place in source region of the Yellow River in China. This study was conducted during 2008 in Maduo County to investigate soil and plant changes in relation to land degradation. Several results were derived from this work. First, the soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) decreased significantly on the extremely degraded land comparing with the natural grassland. Second, soil bulk density increased as land degradation worsened. Soil bulk density of the extremely degraded land was significantly greater than that of the grassland. Third, pH showed no obvious variation pattern. Finally, aboveground biomass decreased from grassland to the moderately degraded land. But aboveground biomass increased on the extremely degraded land and very extremely degraded land with most aboveground biomass inedible for livestock.     

FZY-1型多分量式钻孔应变仪的设计

介绍了最新研制的FZY-1型多分量式钻孔应变仪的探头的设计,所采用的电路,仪器参数的检测方法及该仪器的安装方法。     

Anchimetamorphism of the Neoproterozoic and the Lower Paleozoic along the Profile of Yuanguping in Western Hunan Province, China

The Neoproterozoic and Lower Paleozoic along the profile of Yuanguping in western Hunan Province, China underwent anchimetamorphism. The illite crystallinity (IC) of the <2 μm fractions ranges from 0.23-0.34°△2θfor the Neoproterozoic to 0.23-0.35°△A2θ for the Lower Paleozoic (calibrated with the Kisch IC set, Kisch, 1991). This indicates that the metamorphic grade of the Neoproterozoic and Lower Paleozoic is the anchizone. The peak metamorphic temperature is estimated to be 290-210℃. This result does not agree with the greenschist or subgreenschist facies of the Banxi Group, nor with the lower-greenschist facies or sedimentary cover of the Sinian to Lower Paleozoic, as most previous researchers thought. The illite (K-mica) b0 values range from 0.9074 to 0.8963 (nm) for the Neoproterozoic and the Lower Paleozoic. Based on cumulative frequency curves of the illite (K-mica) b0, the peak metamorphic pressure of the Banxi Group was derived to be of a type that is slightly higher than that of the N. Ne     

砂土的渐进破坏及其数值模拟

紧密砂土在排水剪切过程中由于材料的应变软化特性,会出现变形局部化并伴随剪切带的产生。对此类问题进行数值模拟时会遇到很多困难,比如如何模拟紧砂的应变软化特性,如何处理有限元数值分析过程中刚度矩阵的非正定导致计算结果发散问题,以及如何处理应力不连续的问题,拟针对以上问题进行了探讨。