PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE CONDUCTIVITY STRUCTURE OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE: THIRD REPORT ON THE GEOSCIENCE TRANSECT FROM XIANGSHUI, JIANGSU, TO MANDAL, NEI MONGOL

The features of deep conductivity structure along Xiangshui-Mandal Geoscience Transect are described in this paper basing on newly obtained magnetotelluric data. Large resistivity contrasts can be found on both borders of North China platform. The depth of the crustal high conductivity layer changes abruptly from 21 km to 34 km beneath Nei Mongol fold system on the northwestern end of the transect. While it is absent beneath Subei-Jiaonan terrane on the southeastern end of the transect     

时间域航空电磁数据的反演

本文用广义逆矩阵理论讨论了时间域航空电磁数据的反演方法.以水平二层大地和球体模型为例进行了计算,结果表明这种方法对时间域电磁数据的反演是行之有效的.对于理论数据,一般仅需迭代数次即可稳定地收敛到真值.通过奇异值分析,可以确定一个模型中的相对重要参数和无关紧要参数;对于求解某一特定参数,可确定哪些数据起决定性的作用.由奇异值分解而得出的信息密度矩阵、模型分辨矩阵,分别给出了模型响应拟合数据和模型参数分辨率的度量.这些信息对于时间域航空电磁系统的设计、野外测量和资料解释都具有重要的参考价值.最后给出了实例.     

湖北襄樊—福建罗源的大地电磁测量与地壳上地幔电性特征研究

湖北襄樊—福建罗源一千多公里的剖面上作了23个大地电磁测深点。该剖面穿过不同的地质构造单元。 大地电磁测深的结果清楚地反映了剖面内地壳和上地幔的电性结构特征。例如构造单元的形态、边界、断层位置、地壳和上地幔的高导层发育情况等。结果对于了解该区的深部构造背景、探讨深浅构造之间的关系提供了有益信息     

山西省太原地区的岩溶水文地质结构系统

本文论述了水文地质结构系统的基本思想以及建立水文地质结构系统模型的基本方法。具体研究了山西省太原地区的岩溶水文地质结构系统,将研究区划分为三个既相对独立又有一定联系的岩溶地下水亚系统,并分别建立了三个岩溶地下水亚系统的结构模型,即以多维脉络、三维层络、多层网络这些几何物理模型描述了该区岩溶地下水系统的四维特征;同时,对区内岩溶地下水资源的合理开发利用提出了具体方案。     

Large-scale structure of magnetospheric plasma

Recent investigations of magnetospheric plasma structure are summarized under the broad categories of empirical models, transport across boundaries, formation, and dynamics of the plasma sheet. This report reviews work in these areas during the period 1991 to 1993. Fully three-dimensional empirical models and simulations have become important contributors to our understanding of the magnetospheric system. Some new structural concepts have appeared in the literature: the entry boundary and geopause, the plasma sheet region 1 vortices, the low-energy layer, the adiabaticity boundary or wall region, and a region in the tail to which we refer as the injection port. Traditional structural concepts have also been the subject of recent study, notably the plasmapause, the magnetopause, and the plasma sheet. Significant progress has been made in understanding the nature of plasma sheet formation and dynamics, but the acceleration of electrons to high energy remains somewhat mysterious.     

BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA*

In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urban area in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered structure of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heights and morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heat and moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is presented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed during the transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise.     

Modelling the arctic convective boundary-layer with different turbulence parameterizations

Different parameterizations of subgrid-scale fluxes are utilized in a nonhydrostatic and anelastic mesoscale model to study their influence on simulated Arctic cold air outbreaks. A local closure, a profile closure and two nonlocal closure schemes are applied, including an improved scheme, which is based on other nonlocal closures. It accounts for continuous subgrid-scale fluxes at the top of the surface layer and a continuous Prandtl number with respect to stratification. In the limit of neutral stratification the improved scheme gives eddy diffusivities similar to other parameterizations, whereas for strong unstable stratifications they become much larger and thus turbulent transports are more efficient. It is shown by comparison of model results with observations that the application of simple nonlocal closure schemes results in a more realistic simulation of a convective boundary layer than that of a local or a profile closure scheme. Improvements are due to the nonlocal formulation of the eddy diffusivities and to the inclusion of heat transport, which is independent of local gradients (countergradient transport).     

AN E – ε – ℓ TURBULENCE CLOSURE SCHEME FOR PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER MODELS: THE NEUTRALLY STRATIFIED CASE

The standard E – model generates aplanetary boundary layerthat appears to be much too deep. The cause of theproblem is traced to the equation for the dissipationrate () of turbulent kinetic energy (E), specifically theparameterization of dissipation production anddestruction. In the context of atmosphericboundary-layer modelling, we argue that a part of thedissipation production should be modelled as the inputto the spectral cascade from the energy-containingpart of the spectrum, with a characteristic length , while the equilibrium imbalancebetween local production and destruction ofdissipation is modelled as proportional toE2/E, as in the standard model. Wepropose an E – – turbulence closurescheme, in which both the mixing length, m, and are prescribed. The importance ofthe equation is diminished, though itstill determines the dissipation rate in the Eequation.     

Spatial Aspects of Restrictions on Registered Sex Offenders

Restrictions in the USA on registered sex offenders (RSOs) are examined from the spatial aspects. The long history of various restrictions imposed by government, particularly local ones, is covered in the introduction. Spatial aspects, such as delineation of zones from which certain activities or certain people are excluded is the focus. Then the nature of restrictions on RSOs is considered at the state, county and municipal level. Typical of restrictions are that RSOs are prohibited from moving into residence within a prescribed distance of certain features in a community. The distances are typically 1,000 feet but are quite variable. Typical proscribed venues are schools, parks and day care centers, but there can be many others such as bus stops. Spatial aspects of these restrictions, such as how offender locations are geocoded and represented and how proscribed venues are delineated is analyzed. Specific details and theoretical concerns related to the many problematic issues with RSO restrictions is presented. In particular questions of their constitutionality and efficacy are raised. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of RSO restrictions for the discipline of geography in general and for the evolution of increasingly precise methods of spatial analysis in particular.     

Intercomparison of High-Resolution Bay of Bengal Circulation Models Forced with Different Winds

The high-resolution Bay of Bengal circulation modeling in the region [80E–95E; 5N–22N] is performed with a horizontal resolution of 10 km and the highest vertical resolution of 5 m near the surface. The intercomparison experiments, with ocean model forced with the near-surface (1) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis winds and (2) blended seawinds data (a combination of remotely sensed scatterometer and in situ observations) are carried out for a period of 17 years during 1998–2014. The seasonal variability of the realistically simulated surface hydrographic (temperature and salinity) and circulation (currents) variables from both the experiments is compared and contrasted with the observational data. The mixed layer depth seasonal variability of the region is also studied. The mesoscale features of currents at 50 and 100 m are also studied. The volume transport across different sections in the Bay of Bengal is computed and its relation with summer monsoon rainfall is investigated. The results suggest that there is no real advantage of using high-resolution blended seawinds over the much coarser NCEP reanalysis winds.