Multi-stage zeolite facies mineralization in the Hvalfjördur area,Iceland

The Hvalfjördur area, 30 km north of Iceland’s capital Reykjavik, belongs to the sequence of Late Tertiary to early Quaternary flood basalts with minor intercalations of hyaloclastites and rhyolites. The basalts are affected by progressive low-temperature metamorphism, caused by the burial of the lava succession and higher heat flow from nearby central volcanoes. Low-grade zeolite facies metamorphism of basaltic lavas in the Hvalfjördur area results in two distinct mineral parageneses that can be correlated to events in the burial and hydrothermal history of the lava pile. Stage Ia represents syn-eruptive near-surface alteration in which celadonite and silica were precipitated along primary pores. During regional burial metamorphism (stage Ib), hydrolysis of olivine and glass led to the formation of mixed-layer chlorite/smectite clays. The chlorite content of stage Ib phyllosilicate vesicle rims increases with increasing burial depth and temperature. Stage II occurred after the burial and is marked by zeolite mineralization caused by higher heat flow from the Laxárvogur and Hvalfjördur central volcanoes. Altogether 11 different zeolites were found in the Hvalfjördur area: analcime, chabazite, epistilbite, heulandite, laumontite, levyne, mesolite, stilbite, stellerite, thomsonite and yugawaralite. In total, three separate depth and temperature-controlled “zeolite zones” occur in the Hvalfjördur area.     

A sequence stratigraphic model for the Lower Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of the Ruhr district, north-west Germany

Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures strata have been interpreted traditionally in terms of cyclothems bounded by marine flooding surfaces (marine bands) and coal seams. Correlation of such cyclothems in an extensive grid of closely spaced coal exploration boreholes provides a robust stratigraphic framework in which to study the Lower Coal Measures (Namurian C–Westphalian A) of the Ruhr district, north-west Germany. Three distinct types of cyclothem are recognized, based on their bounding surfaces and internal facies architecture. (1) Type 1 cyclothems are bounded by marine bands. Each cyclothem comprises a thick (30–80 m), regionally extensive, coarsening-upward delta front succession of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones, which may be deeply incised by a major fluvial sandstone complex. The delta front succession is capped by a thin (<1 m), regionally extensive coal seam and an overlying marine band defining the top of the cyclothem. (2) Type 2 cyclothems are bounded by thick (≈1 m), regionally extensive coal seams with few splits. The basal part of a typical cyclothem comprises a thick (15–50 m), widespread, coarsening-upward delta front or lake infill succession consisting of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones. Networks of major (>5 km wide, 20–40 m thick), steep-sided, multistorey fluvial sandstone complexes erode deeply into and, in some cases, through these successions and are overlain by the coal seam defining the cyclothem top. (3) Type 3 cyclothems are bounded by regionally extensive coal seam groups, characterized by numerous seam splits on a local (0·1–10 km) scale. Intervening strata vary in thickness (15–60 m) and are characterized by strong local facies variability. Root-penetrated, aggradational floodplain heteroliths pass laterally into single-storey fluvial channel-fill sandstones and coarsening-upward, shallow lake infill successions of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones over distances of several hundred metres to a few kilometres. Narrow (<2 km) but thick (20–50 m) multistorey fluvial sandstone complexes are rare, but occur in a few type 3 cyclothems. Several cyclothems are observed to change character from type 1 to type 2 and from type 2 to type 3 up the regional palaeoslope. Consequently, we envisage a model in which each cyclothem type represents a different palaeogeographic belt within the same, idealized delta system, subject to the same allogenic and autogenic controls on facies architecture. Type 1 cyclothems are dominated by deltaic shorelines deposited during a falling stage and lowstand of sea level. Type 2 cyclothems represent the coeval lower delta plain, which was deeply eroded by incised valleys that fed the falling stage and lowstand deltas. Type 3 cyclothems comprise mainly upper delta plain deposits in which the allogenic sea-level control was secondary to autogenic controls on facies architecture. The marine bands, widespread coals and coal seam groups that bound these three cyclothem types record abandonment of the delta system during periods of rapid sea-level rise. The model suggests that the extant cyclothem paradigm does not adequately describe the detailed facies architecture of Lower Coal Measures strata. Instead, these architectures may be better understood within a high-resolution stratigraphic framework incorporating sequence stratigraphic key surfaces, integrated with depositional models derived from analogous Pleistocene–Holocene fluvio-deltaic strata.     

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6油层组砂岩成岩相及储层质量评价

本文借助于薄片分析、扫描电镜分析、阴极发光分析和物性分析等研究手段,以鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6油层组低渗透砂岩的形成机制为解剖对象,通过对砂岩埋藏前组成、化学成岩作用和物理成岩作用的相对重要性、自生矿物组成、孔隙构成、物性与孔隙结构等研究,明确了主要成岩作用对储层的影响。在此基础上,结合沉积相的研究,选择骨架颗粒构成、自生矿物组成、物性、孔隙构成以及粒间体积等有关的15个成岩相定量评价参数,对华庆地区长6油层组低渗透砂岩进行成岩相的定量评价。结果表明：① 华庆地区长6油层组砂岩经历了较强的物理成岩作用和较弱的化学成岩作用,原生孔隙是主要储集空间,压实作用是孔隙度降低的最主要因素,其次为方解石的胶结作用;② 成岩相定量评价表明,弱胶结、强压实成岩相以及强方解石胶结、中-强压实成岩相的储层质量均较差,受北部物源区控制的绿泥石胶结、弱-中等压实成岩相具有较好的储层质量,建议作为今后的优选勘探开发区。     

白云凹陷珠江组深水扇成岩作用与成岩相分析

根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、镜质体反射率等分析资料,对珠江口盆地白云凹陷荔湾地区珠江组深水扇砂岩储层成岩作用及成岩相进行了系统研究。确定对储层起破坏作用的成岩作用主要有压实、胶结和自生矿物充填作用,起建设性成岩作用的主要有溶蚀作用。综合成岩方式的组合类型和演化序列,认为深水扇砂岩储层成岩演化主体仅进入中成岩阶段A-B期。在建立成岩演化模式的基础上,对成岩相组合特征进行了分析,划分出胶结-弱压实-弱溶蚀相、弱压实-弱胶结-强溶蚀相和中等压实-弱胶结-中等溶蚀相等3种主要成岩相类型,其中以弱压实-弱胶结-强溶蚀相砂体的物性为最好。     

硫化物中硫同位素组成的EA-IRMS分析方法

进行元素分析仪（EA）-稳定同位素质谱仪（IRMS）系统测定硫化物中硫同位素实验,并建立在线连续流分析方法.当参考气离子流强度为1.5V,Ag2S样品量为0.6 mg,Conflo Ⅳ-He载气压力为1.01＆#215;105 Pa,EA系统He载气流量为90～100 mL/min,氧气流量为175 mL/min,反应炉温度为1020℃,色谱分离柱温度为100℃时,系统测量准确度为0.15‰、精密度0.12‰,可以满足快速、高效测定硫同位素的要求.     

山西侏罗纪地层与沉积相分析研究与进展

侏罗纪地层为中国内陆沉积盆地油气富集的主要时期地层。通过在前人的研究基础上大量收集露头资料以野外剖面实测为重点,对山西不同地区侏罗纪地层不同组进行岩性、岩相、沉积特点及环境等分析,描述出不同地区各个组的沉积特点。划定山西侏罗纪地层划分为早侏罗永定庄组,中侏罗大同组、云岗组、天池河组,缺失晚侏罗地层;对沉积相进行系统分析,确定山西侏罗纪地层与鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪地层具有等时性,且空间上为鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪地层的边缘沉积,油气勘探前景不乐观。     

变质地质学的三大前缘课题

本文主要从三个方面反映１９８７年以来国内外变质地质学研究的新进展：（１）变质Ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹与区域岩石学研究；（２）变质流体与岩石的相互作用；（３）高压、超高压变质。变质ｐ－Ｔ－ｔ轨迹按地壳拉张区、地壳增厚区、俯冲带和麻粒岩相变质地区等不同构造环境予以论列；变质流体岩石的相互关系是按区域变质、接触变质和麻粒岩相变质地区等三个类型对比描述。高压、超高压变质研究近年来得到快速发展，也提出了许多问题。本文主要介绍柯石英榴辉岩岩石学和榴辉岩相岩石学的主要问题。     

河北省滦县地区大红峪组沉积特征分析

河北省滦县地区大红峪组为野鸡坨镇至响棠镇一带中元古界沉积盖层的最底部层位,这与滦县地区在元古宙地处山海关古陆边缘的地理构造格局有关。根据"岩相一层序一沉积环境"的研究思路与方法,将大红峪组地层划分为碎屑岩型和碳酸盐岩型两种相序,两个由TST-HST体系域构成的层序。沉积环境表现为东南侧为山海关古陆,北西侧为浅海台地,沉积作用初期以河流作用为主,进而发展为潮汐作用为主,偶为浅水风暴作用。     

四川省雷波县瓦岗磷矿地质特征及矿床成因分析

四川省雷波县瓦岗磷矿位于川西南磷矿矿集区的南部,矿体赋存于下寒武统麦地坪组第二段,呈层状展布于瓦尼觉背斜两翼,含矿建造为硅质岩-碳酸岩-磷块岩,矿石结构构造为球状、团块状、条带状,文章通过对矿石和围岩地质特征研究,认为矿床形成于海湾潮下低能带的古地理环境,成因主要为富磷生物碎屑沉积聚集而成。     

大别造山带片麻岩区可燃气的发现及勘探意义

大别造山带和合肥盆地是紧密相连的两个构造单元,它们在形成和时空演化上具有密切的关系。在大别造山带内发现的可燃天然气和发生燃烧的隧道具有明显的区域性,集中分布于磨子潭-晓天断裂以南的北大别杂岩带和信阳-舒城断裂附近的早石炭世变质石英片岩中,磨子潭-晓天断裂和信阳-舒城断裂是连通深部的气源通道断裂;推覆体之下的寒武系凤台组和北淮阳型石炭系两套海相烃源岩是隧道可燃天然气的主力气源岩,其中下寒武统凤台组烃源岩具有高碳、高“R0”、高Tmax低氯仿“A”的特点,已进入热演化的过成熟阶段;北淮阳型石炭系烃源岩有机质丰度高,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,热演化程度很高,大量的油气已经生成,最重要的是研究其成烃过程与圈闭配套史的关系。大别造山带隧道可燃天然气的发现展示了合肥盆地区深部海相层系良好的勘探前景,因此下步勘探重心应从“中新生代盆地系统”转移到“深部海相层系”,以寻找“古生古储”或“古生新储”类型油气藏为主。