On the absence of winds in advection-dominated accretion flows

We show that recently published assertions that advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) require the presence of strong winds are unfounded because they assume that low radiative efficiency in flows accreting at low rates on to black holes implies vanishing radial energy and angular momentum fluxes through the flow (which is also formulated in terms of the 'Bernoulli function' being positive). This, however, is a property only of self-similar solutions which are an inadequate representation of global accretion flows. We recall general properties of accretion flows on to black holes and show that such, necessarily transonic, flows may have either d positive or negative Bernoulli function depending on the flow viscosity. Flows with low viscosities ( α ≲0.1 in the α -viscosity model) have a negative Bernoulli function. Without exception, all 2D and 1D numerical models of low-viscosity flows constructed to date experience no significant outflows. At high viscosities the presence of outflows depends on the assumed viscosity, on the equation of state and on the outer boundary condition. The positive sign of the Bernoulli function invoked in this context is irrelevant to the presence of outflows. As an illustration, we recall 2D numerical models with moderate viscosity that have positive values of the Bernoulli function and experience no outflows. ADAFs, therefore, do not differ from this point of view from thin Keplerian discs: they may have, but they do not have to have, strong winds.     

辽东湾北部浅海区泥沙输送及其沉积特征

根据实测资料，本文定量分析了辽东湾北部泥沙输送及其分布，并对辽河三角洲沉积区划作了初步讨论。研究表明本区泥沙以纵向搬运为特征。双台子河以西来沙和辽河西水道入海泥沙是区域东部拦门沙体和浅滩发育的主导因素。汛季大潮期，泥沙自西向东运移落淤在河口及毗邻浅水域；小潮期，泥沙除向东扩散外，大部泥沙向海方搬运。调查区可划分六个现代沉积作用区，即潮坪沉积区、辽河水下三角洲细粒沉积区、河口沙洲沉积区、波浪潮流冲蚀沉积区、河口冲积沉积区以及潮汐水道沉积区。     

非离子聚合物稳定水敏岩层的应用研究

水敏岩层机械破碎出露的新鲜岩面遇水侵蚀产生软化或泥化现象,致使孔(槽)壁变形量增大而失稳。实验表明,低聚合度、非离子型、结晶性好的高分子聚合物无固相稳定液,能以较快的竞争吸附速度在岩石的内、外表面产生渗析胶结和吸附胶结,并在不可逆的作用力下成膜,因而能抑制由水引起的岩石软化、泥化和崩解,可用以解决使用各类泥浆自由水滤失量大且泥皮易脱落而造成的孔(槽)壁坍塌问题。      

强震变形的地震大地测量监测与研究

地震大地测量是将大地测量（特别是空间大地测量）与地震学及构造地质学进行融合的新兴交叉学科,其可用于监测地震孕育的地球物理背景场及动态变化过程,对相关形变实现了10²a～10^-2s的宽频带监测,基本弥补了地震学与构造地质学间的频率空白。以多频带的地震大地测量技术（GNSS、InSAR、高频GNSS）为支撑的陆态网络工程,不仅获得了中国大陆长期的地壳运动图像,而且在强震形变监测中发挥了重要作用。汶川、芦山、尼泊尔廓尔喀及九寨沟等地震的研究成果表明,高频/静态GNSS、InSAR、精密水准相融合的多频大地测量,极大地拓展了地震形变监测的时空频域,促进了大陆型地震的相关研究,为地震预测预警研究奠定了基础。然而,目前使用的地震大地测量资料有限,同时,我国地震大地测量监测网络也有待不断加密和优化。     

规则波在缓坡上变形与破碎数值分析

通过在二维数值水槽内用边界元法直接求解Laplace方程,对规则波在缓坡上的变形及破碎进行了数值计算。分析了不同底坡及采用不同底摩阻系数时规则波的破碎特征,并对规则波破碎的极限坡度进行了研究。重点分析了规则波破碎时海底坡度、底摩阻系数及波形不对称性对破碎指标的影响。     

莆田近岸海域海带烂孔病起因的初步研究

2019年3月莆田近岸海域海带尾部烂孔后逐渐向根部蔓延,孔洞相连后海带脱落,时空规律为先南后北逐渐发病,共涉及养殖面积约7 km2,给莆田近岸海带养殖带来了较大的损失。初步研究分析了海带大规模烂孔的原因,主要结果如下:海区温度异常升高,盐度持续较低,连续阴天光照不足,环境变化超出了细胞生理承受能力从而造成海带烂孔。此次诊断,对渔业生产及海洋环境监测结果在渔业上的应用均具有一定的现实意义。     

Tele-connecting local consumption to global land use

Globalization increases the interconnectedness of people and places around the world. In a connected world, goods and services consumed in one country are often produced in other countries and exchanged via international trade. Thus, local consumption is increasingly met by global supply chains oftentimes involving large geographical distances and leading to global environmental change. In this study, we connect local consumption to global land use through tracking global commodity and value chains via international trade flows. Using a global multiregional input–output model with sectoral detail allows for the accounting of land use attributed to “unusual” sectors – from a land use perspective – including services, machinery and equipment, and construction. Our results show how developed countries consume a large amount of goods and services from both domestic and international markets, and thus impose pressure not only on their domestic land resources, but also displace land in other countries, thus displacing other uses. For example, 33% of total U.S. land use for consumption purposes is displaced from other countries. This ratio becomes much larger for the EU (more than 50%) and Japan (92%). Our analysis shows that 47% of Brazilian and 88% of Argentinean cropland is used for consumption purposes outside of their territories, mainly in EU countries and China. In addition, consumers in rich countries tend to displace land by consuming non-agricultural products, such as services, clothing and household appliances, which account for more than 50% of their total land displacement. By contrast, for developing economies, such as African countries, the share of land use for non-agricultural products is much lower, with an average of 7%. The emerging economies and population giants, China and India, are likely to further increase their appetite for land from other countries, such as Africa, Russia and Latin America, to satisfy their own land needs driven by their fast economic growth and the needs and lifestyles of their growing populations.     

采用钻孔倾斜仪监测滑坡深部水平位移方法和仪器的研究

介绍了目前滑坡深部水平位移钻孔倾斜仪人工监测方法存在的问题,钻孔深部位移自动化监测通信方法的选择。地质滑坡灾害监测中广泛使用钻孔倾斜仪,介绍了CZ-2型钻孔倾斜仪的构成及现场测试方法。     

琼东南盆地梅山组泥岩盖层封闭性综合评价

通过单井资料统计和沉积相研究,对琼东南盆地梅山组泥岩盖层进行宏观评价,认为盖层岩性以浅海—半深海相泥岩为主,主要发育于北部隆起带与中央坳陷带,侧向连续性好。其最大单层厚度、累积厚度以及含砂量等宏观参数显示,优质泥岩呈现沿北西—南东方向展布的特征。利用测井声波时差和实测岩石样本排替压力之间的关系,计算三亚组一段砂岩和梅山组泥岩的排替压力差,并进行微观评价,认为单井上排替压力差呈凸起高、凹陷低的特点。选取岩性、沉积环境、最大单层厚度、累积厚度、含砂量以及储层与盖层排替压力差作为参数,分别赋予相应的权值和权重,对泥岩盖层封闭性进行综合评价,认为梅山组泥岩盖层综合品质呈规律性变化,表现为北部坳陷低、中部隆起和中央坳陷高的特点,对三亚组发育于北部隆起带周缘的滨海相砂体和发育于中央坳陷带附近的浊积砂体起到了良好的封盖作用。