Characterization of humic substances by advanced solid state NMR spectroscopy: Demonstration of a systematic approach

Characterization of humic substances is challenging due to their structural complexity and heterogeneity. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is regarded as one of the best tools for elucidating structures of humic substances. The primary solid state NMR technique that has been used so far is the routine ¹³C cross polarization-magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) technique. Although this technique has markedly advanced our understanding of humic substances, the full potential of NMR for characterizing humic substances has yet to be realized. Recent technical developments and applications of advanced solid state NMR have revealed the promise to provide deeper insights into structures of humic substances. In this paper, we summarized and demonstrated the systematic solid state NMR protocol for characterization of humic substances using a humic acid as an example. This protocol included (1) identification of specific functional groups using spectral editing techniques, occasionally assisted by ¹H¹³C two-dimensional heteronuclear correlation (2D HETCOR) NMR, (2) quantification of specific functional groups based on direct polarization-magic angle spinning (DP-MAS) and DP-MAS with recoupled dipolar dephasing, combined with spectral editing techniques, (3) determination of connectivities and proximities of specific functional groups by ¹H¹³C 2D HETCOR or 2D HETCOR combined with spectral editing techniques, and (4) examination of domains and heterogeneities by ¹H¹³C 2D HETCOR with ¹H spin diffusion. We used a soil humic acid as an example to demonstrate how this protocol was applied to the characterization of humic substances step by step. Afterwards, based on typical ¹³C NMR spectra of humic substances we described how we could combine different NMR techniques to identify specific functional groups band by band from downfield to upfield. Finally, we briefly mentioned the potential new NMR techniques that could be developed to enrich the current systematic protocol. This systematic protocol is not only applicable to humic substances but also to other natural organic matter samples.     

内蒙古察哈尔右翼后旗乌兰哈达第四纪火山群

乌兰哈达火山群位于内蒙古中部察哈尔右翼后旗乌兰哈达一带,地处蒙古高原南缘,距北京约300km.火山群坐落在太古宙乌拉山岩群和新近纪汉诺坝玄武岩之上,面积约280km^2。火山活动可分为晚更新世（30．56＋2．59kaBP;21．05＋1．79kaBP）和全新世两期,火山喷发总体为裂隙式或裂隙-中心式。晚更新世形成一系列呈北东和北西向线形展布的溅落锥,其中黑脑包为熔壳状火山锥。大部分锥体主要由玄武质熔结集块岩及碎成熔岩组成,已遭受一定剥蚀,但多数火口形态仍清晰可辨。全新世与晚更新世火山受同一北东向基底断裂控制。主要包括3座中心式喷发的炼丹炉火山,火山均由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流组成,属斯通博利式火山。火山规模较大,结构完整,基本未遭受剥蚀。锥体由早期降落浮岩渣和晚期溅落熔结集块岩组成。熔岩流分布受地形制约,总体由北西向南东流淌,最长熔岩流约18km。熔岩流覆盖在全新世河谷砂砾石、风成沙和沼泽沉积物之上,表明火山喷发的时代应为全新世。熔岩流类型主要为结壳熔岩,其中胀裂谷和塌陷谷发育。熔岩流前部发育挤压脊、喷气锥和特征的熔岩琢群。熔岩流前缘抵达白音淖一带,堰塞水系形成莫石盖淖和乌兰胡少海等火山堰塞湖。乌兰哈达火山群是蒙古高原南缘目前发现的唯一全新世有过喷发的火山群,是一处天然火山“博物馆”,是研究蒙古高原南缘现代地壳深部结构及其活动性的天然“窗口”。     

中蒙边境及邻区斑岩型铜矿床地质特征及成因

依据金属矿床围岩岩性组合和成矿作用特征，将中蒙边境及邻区分布的斑岩铜矿床(点)划分为3种类型：①加里东期经典型斑岩铜矿床(点)；②海西期经典型和火山岩型斑岩铜矿床；③燕山期深成岩型和火山岩型斑岩铜矿床。在较详细剖析各类金属矿床(点)基本地质特征的基础上，划分了9个矿化集中区，并讨论了区域地壳演化与金属成矿作用的关系。研究结果表明，尽管研究区内的金属矿床(点)成矿作用分别发生在加里东期、海西期和燕山期，但是大规模成矿作用发生的时问与海西期板块构造活动的高峰期相吻合，是地壳特定演化阶段构造一岩浆活动的产物。     

青藏高原东北边缘冰雹形成机理

"穴道"理论认为,冰雹云中存在冰雹形成和增长的"穴道"。本文以在青藏高原东北边缘及毗邻地区常诱发冰雹灾害的东移短小切变线天气过程为研究背景,采用三维冰雹云分档模式,用MM5V3中尺度气象模式提供冰雹云模拟研究所需的环境大气状况,模拟研究了各类冰雹形成和增长的过程。结果表明,温度、云中上升气流、水平风速零线和云中各类水成物、各类冰雹质粒的空间分布满足"穴道"理论描述的配置区域是冰雹颗粒含水量的大值范围。同时显示出了小冰粒子(D<1mm)、霰和雹胚(1mm相似文献   

西南山区城镇地质灾害易损性评价方法 ——以四川省丹巴县城为例

以具有典型性和代表性的四川省丹巴县城为重点研究案例,对西南山区城镇地质灾害易损性评价方法进行了较系统的探索。针对西南山区城镇的特点,提出了地质灾害承灾体的调查方法,构建了地质灾害易损性大比例尺评价的指标体系和评价模型,介绍了利用ILWIS软件进行地质灾害易损性评价的技术方法。易损性评价结果表明,丹巴县城区地质灾害易损性较高的地区主要为学校、居民小区等人口集中、物质经济价值大的地段。研究区内具有极低易损性(易损性值在0~0.25之间)的承灾体面积占整个研究区面积的96.48%,具有低易损性(易损性值在0.25~0.50之间)的承灾体面积占3.21%,具有中等易损性(易损性值在0.50~0.75之间)的承灾体面积占0.29%,而具有高易损性(易损性值在0.75~1之间)的承灾体面积仅占0.02% 。