基于马尔可夫链的多元指示地质统计模型

与传统基于交叉变差函数(cross-variogram)的多元指示地质统计模型相比,基于马尔可夫链的多元指示地质统计模型采用转移概率(transition probability)来描述区域化变量的空间变化,可以很好地反映复杂空间的连续性,弥补了传统地质统计模型没有考虑地质体分布存在不对称性的缺陷,简化了各向异性的处理过程,且在建立模型的过程中,融入了地质类型分布的比例、平均长度和相互间的迁移转换趋势等地质统计信息,使建模过程更直观,更易于理解.用这种方法建立的模型在理论上有比较成熟的随机理论支持,在实际应用中能更准确地反映地质体的空间分布特征.由于该模型考虑了地质体空间分布的连续性、不对称性和各向异性等特征,因此将其用于模拟地下含水层的空间结构,可以真实反映实际含水层的空间分布,为进一步模拟地下水运动提供有力支持.     

Mg–Fe interdiffusion rates in wadsleyite and the diffusivity jump at the 410-km discontinuity

Mg–Fe interdiffusion rates have been measured in wadsleyite aggregates at 16.0–17.0 GPa and 1230–1530 °C by the diffusion couple method. Oxygen fugacity was controlled using the NNO buffer, and water contents of wadsleyite were measured by infrared spectroscopy. Measured asymmetric diffusion profiles, analyzed using the Boltzmann–Matano equation, indicate that the diffusion rate increases with increasing iron concentration and decreasing grain size. In the case of wadsleyite containing 50–90 weight ppm H₂O, the Mg–Fe interdiffusion coefficients at compositions of Mg/(Mg + Fe)=0.95 in the coarse-grained region (about 60 m) and 0.90 in the fine-grained region (about 6 m) were determined to be a D_Xmg = 0.95 (m² s^–1)=1.24 × 10^–9 exp[–172 (kJ mol^–1)/RT] and D_Xmg = 0.90 (m² s^–1)=1.77 × 10^–9 exp[–143 (kJ mol^–1)/RT], respectively. Grain-boundary diffusion rates were estimated to be about 4 orders of magnitude faster than the volume diffusion rate. Grain-boundary diffusion dominates when the grain size is less than a few tens of microns. Results for the nominally dry diffusion couple in the present study are roughly consistent with previous studies, taking into account differences in pressure and grain size, although water contents of samples were not clear in previous studies. We observed that the diffusivity is enhanced by about 1 order of magnitude in wadsleyite containing 300–2100 wt. ppm H₂O at 1230 °C, which is almost identical to the enhancement associated with a 300 °C increase in temperature. It is still not conclusive that a jump in diffusivity exists between olivine and wadsleyite because water contents of olivine in previous diffusion studies and effects of water on the olivine diffusivity are uncertain.     

构造转换带制约下的砂体富集效应：以平湖斜坡孔雀亭区平湖组为例

构造转换带是油气藏勘探开发研究的重要领域,分布在多种类型的挤压或伸展盆地中。基于转换带的理论基础,认为同沉积时期其对砂体的汇聚具有显著的控制作用。平湖斜坡带孔雀亭地区平湖组处于断拗转换期,厘清该时期同沉积断裂体系所组成的构造转换带如何控砂控相,对下步勘探开发具有重要意义。基于三维地震资料解释和录井资料研究,通过构造样式、断裂体系与生长指数梳理,厘清孔雀亭地区平行、共线与叠覆三种转换带类型;同时,转换带控制洼隆相间古地貌的形成,进而控制沉积砂体在近断裂转换点且可容纳空间大的地势低洼区卸载与富集,发育形成坡积扇、前缘水下扇和复合砂坝等沉积微相。根据古地貌特征、转换带类型与沉积砂体的匹配关系,厘定挠曲型平行转换带控砂模式、雁列型共线转换带控砂模式和扭动改造型叠覆转换带控砂模式。其中,挠曲型平行转换带与雁列型共线转换带聚砂效果最为显著。论文工作为后续构造—岩性油气藏勘探提供一定经验。     

超临界CO2流体及离子液体中过渡金属有机催化反应研究进展

超临界CO2流体、离子液体介质作为绿色替代剂可进行过渡金属有机催化反应。本文综述了近年来两种非传统介质在过渡金属有机催化反应中的应用进展。     

细粒含量Pc＜25％渗透变形类型为非管涌碎砾石的颗粒级配特征及判别方法

细粒含量判别法是无黏性粗粒土渗透变形类型主要判别方法,但细粒含量Pc25%渗透变形类型为流土和过渡的碎砾石,其渗透变形类型不符合细粒含量判别准则.通过对46个工程310个试样(其中Pc25%的试样数214个),渗透变形试验结果统计分析发现,该类土虽然仅占同级配段(Pc25%)比例为6.1%,但其颗粒级配曲线均具有独特特征,即各粒径级颗粒含量均较均匀,即Cu均大于5,Cc多数为1.0~3.0之间,即该类土大多数为优良级配,进一步分析发现其D15/d85之比均小于等于5,进而提出用D15/d85≤5作为判别该类土的方法.     

过渡际油气藏及其形成条件分析

过渡际是油气藏形成的特殊场所，原因在于过渡际中物质基础雄厚。地温场较高、储盖组合配置得当、有自成系统的油气运移通道网络以及存在多种圈闭类型。     

南非巴伯顿绿岩带条带状铁建造岩石磁学及磁性矿物的组成特征

条带状铁建造(BIFs)中含有大量的亚铁磁性矿物,其组成及来源是认识BIF成因的重要依据。本文研究了南非巴伯顿绿岩带无花果树群(距今约32亿年)恩圭尼亚组的BIFs样品的磁学和矿物学特征。通过测量富铁层与富硅层的磁滞回线、等温剩磁获得曲线与退磁曲线、矫顽力谱分析、一阶反转曲线(FORC)、低温(20～300K)有场/无场冷却曲线以及k-T曲线、Lowrie三轴热退磁曲线,结合扫描电镜观测,揭示出研究样品中磁性矿物主要为赤铁矿和磁铁矿。基于矫顽力谱分析,富铁层中磁铁矿主要是多畴及假单畴颗粒,相对含量平均为2. 1%;赤铁矿的相对含量平均为97. 9%。富硅层中磁铁矿主要为假单畴及超顺磁性颗粒,相对含量平均为4. 6%;赤铁矿相对含量平均为95. 4%。测试样品具有Morin转变特征,转变温度介于250～260K,说明BIFs中主要为赤铁矿(0. 5～6mm)。富硅层样品出现～107K、～125K两个Verwey转变温度,表明其中可能存在生物成因和非生物成因两种类型磁铁矿。     

海冰韧脆转变特性的宏微观分析

冰荷载是寒区海洋工程结构物设计的控制荷载。海冰强度研究是确定冰荷载的基础。从宏微观结合的角度研究海冰强度特性,通过对海冰韧脆转变的微观机制分析,给出了微裂纹形成机制和扩同制;通过对Ｒｉｃｅ－Ｔｈｏｍｓｏｎ模型的分析,得出了韧－脆转变的判据;最后进行了韧脆转变区的强度计算。与实验结果相符。     

A new high-pressure phase of strontium carbonate

High-pressure and high-temperature experiments conducted in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell with a synchrotron X-ray diffraction method have revealed a phase transformation in the aragonite-type SrCO₃ at pressures above 10 GPa. The new phase has an orthorhombic symmetry and was confirmed to remain stable to 32 GPa. The Birch-Murnaghan equation of state for new phase was determined from the experimental unit cell parameters, with K₀ = 101 (± 16) GPa, K₀ = 4 (constrained value), and V₀ = 111.9 (± 2.2). This transformation in SrCO₃ is different from that in BaCO₃ as reported in previous studies. After decompression at ambient pressure, the high-pressure phase transforms to a metastable structure, which has an orthorhombic symmetry. This result should also resolve a dispute regarding the stable high-pressure phases in BaCO₃, which is an analog material of CaCO₃ and SrCO₃.This revised version was published in February 2005 with corrections to the Introduction and to the References.