隔震换能系统的性能及其参数影响分析

在建立了隔震换能结构体系数学模型的基础上,以一个五层框架隔震结构为例实现了系统的动态仿真分析。详细讨论了四个主要参数的变化对振动控制效果和换能效果的影响,这些参数包括隔震换能系统的活塞面积,活塞最大行程,蓄能器体积和油液弹性模量等。结果表明,活塞面积和蓄能器体积对系统性能影响比较大,而活塞最大行程和油液弹性模量对系统性能影响较小。     

隔震换能减震控制系统实用设计方法研究

从能量的角度研究对隔震换能控制系统对建筑结构的减震控制作用,它既能通过转换地震能量来减轻结构的振动,又可以利用转换来的能量作进一步的振动控制.通过研究换能装置的控制力与隔震层刚度比的关系,提出了换能装置控制力的建议公式,并研究了不同换能装置与隔震层设计组合对换能效率和控制效果的影响,给出了隔震换能系统的设计流程,可使隔震换能系统换能效率达到70％左右,振动控制效果达到65％以上.     

多源探测数据揭示的南海东北部三维地壳结构特征

南海东北部洋陆转换带及其邻区复杂的地壳结构一直是南海岩石圈结构研究和深水油气勘探的热点.本研究基于覆盖南海东北部的119条地球物理探测数据（包括二维地震和OBS/OBH/ESP等剖面）,采用已有OBS数据拟合的时-深关系进行转换,提取主要沉积地层界面和Moho面深度信息;参考区域深钻资料,利用离散平滑与克里金插值法对研究区的数据稀疏区进行插值,在此基础上建立了南海东北部三维地壳结构模型.结果显示：南海东北部的地壳拉伸减薄具有空间差异性.平面上,可以分为地壳轻微、中等和强烈减薄区（拉伸系数分别小于1.5、1.5~2.5之间和大于2.5）;Moho面深度向SW向变浅,洋陆转换带宽度由东部的50 km变窄至西部的20 km;北部陆架区发育一系列NE走向的断陷,推测主要受到滨海断裂带的控制,南部陆坡深水区部分凹陷发育巨厚沉积层,可能是由于深水区大型正断层活动和南海扩张过程中陆壳向海掀斜的共同作用.垂向上,Moho面深度与沉积层底界表现为镜像关系,上地壳拉伸系数基本都大于下地壳;且东沙隆起及其邻区的下地壳下部发育高速层,其厚度以近东西向为轴向南北方向变薄.研究揭示的南海东北部三维地壳结构,特别是Moho面结构特征,是认识其深部动力过程和构造活动的重要依据,可为探讨南海洋盆的扩张和演化提供参考.

     

桩端土组成复杂情况下的工程勘察

上海地区桩基工程勘探中忽视桩端主要持力层范围内相对软弱夹层存在的情况时有出现。文章从第四纪地质角度分析了相关地层组成复杂性的客观因素,它是松散土层垂直相变的反映。同时指出,当前工程勘察工作中现场勘探劳务施工和岩土工程工作脱离、岩土工程师缺乏第四纪地质观念,常以建筑材料观念看待、处理地基土层,以及过分依赖计算机的倾向。建议按ISO9001精神,加强桩基勘探工作的全过程控制。     

从华北克拉通中、西部结构的区域差异性探讨克拉通破坏

详细的深部结构信息是深入认识华北克拉通显生宙改造和破坏的重要依据。基于密集流动地震台阵和固定台网记录的远震P波和S波接收函数资料,获得了跨越华北克拉通东、中、西部的3条剖面的岩石圈和上地幔结构图像,揭示了克拉通不同区域深部结构特征的显著差异。与东部普遍减薄的岩石圈(60～100km)相比,中、西部表现出厚、薄岩石圈共存的强烈横向非均匀性,既在稳定的鄂尔多斯盆地之下保留着厚达200km的岩石圈,又在新生代银川—河套和陕西—山西裂陷区存在厚度<100km的薄岩石圈,差异最大的厚、薄岩石圈仅相距约200km。岩石圈厚度在东、中部边界附近的约100km横向范围内显示出20～40km的迅速增加。岩石圈厚度的快速变化与地表地形从东向西的突然改变以及南北重力梯度带的位置大致吻合,并对应于地壳结构、地幔转换带厚度和660km间断面结构的快速变化。这种从地表到上地幔底部深、浅结构的耦合变化特征表明,东西两侧区域在显生宙可能经历了不同的岩石圈构造演化和深部地幔动力学过程。克拉通东部薄的地壳、岩石圈和厚的地幔转换带以及复杂的660km间断面结构可能与中生代以来太平洋板块深俯冲及其相关过程对这一地区岩石圈的改造和破坏有关;而中、西部存在显著减薄的岩石圈这一观测结果,并结合岩石、地球化学资料表明,克拉通岩石圈改造和减薄不仅发生在东部,而且可能影响了包括中、西部在内的更广泛的区域。岩石圈薄于100km的中、西部裂陷区可能与先前存在于岩石圈中的局部构造薄弱带相联系。这些古老岩石圈薄弱带可能经历了后期构造事件的多次改造,并在新生代印度—欧亚陆陆碰撞过程中被进一步弱化、减薄,最终造成地表裂陷。另一方面,中、西部总体较厚的地壳、岩石圈以及正常偏薄的地幔转换带表明,同太平洋深俯冲对东部的作用相比,包括印度—欧亚大陆碰撞在内的多期热-构造事件对该地区的构造演化影响相对较弱,不足以大范围改造和破坏高强度的克拉通岩石圈地幔根,从而造成了该地区现今岩石圈结构的高度横向不均匀。     

镍酸钐研究进展及其用于海洋电场传感器的可行性分析

海洋电场信号被广泛用于海底以下地质构造、水体目标探测、物理海洋和海洋物理特性分析等研究领域,收集海洋电场信号有重要的科学价值,其中海洋电场传感器是其测量媒介。近年来,钙钛矿型复合氧化物作为新型材料成为研究热点,镍酸钐是钙钛矿复合氧化物中性能比较特殊的一个,具有金属—绝缘体相变特性,在海水中稳定性强,对低频电场信号敏感度高,有望成为新型海洋电场传感器的电极材料。国内外学者对镍酸钐进行了一些研究,主要集中于镍酸钐的电学特性尤其是金属—绝缘体相变特性、光学特性及其制备流程。本文对上述研究内容进行了系统综述,并对镍酸钐用于海洋电场传感器的可行性进行了初步探讨。     

A simple method to combine snow height and meteorological observations to estimate winter precipitation at sub-daily resolution

ABSTRACT

Measuring winter solid and liquid precipitation with high temporal resolution in remote or higher elevation regions is a challenging task because of undercatch and power supply issues. However, the number of micro-meteorological stations and ultrasonic height sensors in mountain regions is steadily increasing. To gain more benefit from such stations, a new simple approach for EStimating SOlid and LIquid Precipitation (ESOLIP) is presented. The method consists of three main steps: (1) definition of precipitation events using micro-meteorological data, (2) quantification of solid and liquid precipitation using wet-bulb temperature and filtered snow height and (3) calculation of fresh snow density. ESOLIP performance was validated using data from a heated rain gauge, snow pillow and daily manual observations both for single precipitation events and over three winter seasons. Results proved ESOLIP as an effective approach for precipitation quantification, where snow height observations and basic meteorological measurements (air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity), but no reliable rain gauges are available.     

确定地壳形变观测曲线趋势转折点的定量方法与实例

趋势转折是地壳形变变化的一个重要信息,为定量、精确地提取地壳形变观测资料的趋势转折点,基于改进的有序聚类分析法,采用时窗滑动的方法,提取时间序列的趋势转折点,并编制了相应的程序.以新源地震台地倾斜南北向1992～2006年的观测数据为例,以4年窗长、2年步长滑动计算其趋势转折点.研究结果表明：（1）采用改进的有序聚类分析法提取时间序列的趋势转折点具有明确的统计意义,可减少人为判断的主观和任意性.（2）该方法算法简单,易于实现,可用于日常的地壳形变观测资料的分析预报工作.（3）新源地震台地倾斜南北向观测数据计算结果表明,在2001年之前,趋势转折比较频繁,变化也比较明显,而在2001年之后,趋势转折较少,变化更接近线性.     

Bog surface oscillation (mire breathing): A useful measure in raised bog restoration

Oscillation of the peat surface is an important mechanism for hydrological self‐regulation in bogs. As the water table rises in the wet season, the peat body expands, raising the bog surface and increasing water storage. With seasonal drying, the water table declines, the peat loses volume, and the bog surface drops, thereby keeping Sphagnum mosses in close contact with the water table. The oscillation of surface elevation in a Pacific coastal temperate raised bog was monitored at multiple sites for 4–12 years in 8 different plant communities of both peat‐harvested and unharvested sites to determine how bog surface oscillation relates to site conditions. The multiyear averages of bog surface oscillation for the different sites ranged from 2 to 34 cm (mean: 10.8 cm). In harvested sites, surface oscillation was linked to a larger water level amplitude and a shallower water table. In unharvested sites, a shallow water table was also a strong predictor of surface oscillation, but water level amplitude was negatively correlated to surface oscillation. This discrepancy was attributed to rewetting and regeneration of harvested sites, as well as historic drainage in many of the unharvested sites that reduced the elasticity of the peat. Surface oscillation differed significantly between some of the plant communities, generally between drier and wetter sites. In disturbed bogs, regeneration of a more elastic surface peat can increase the magnitude of peat volume change and bring about the return of self‐regulating mechanisms. Bog surface oscillation may be an important metric for assessing the restoration success or storage capacity of raised bogs in similar climatic settings.     

The impact of ditch blocking on fluvial carbon export from a UK blanket bog

We investigated the effects of ditch blocking on fluvial carbon concentrations and fluxes at a 5‐year, replicated, control‐intervention field experiment on a blanket peatland in North Wales, UK. The site was hydrologically instrumented, and run‐off via open and blocked ditches was analysed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon, dissolved carbon dioxide, and dissolved methane. DOC was also analysed in peat porewater and overland flow. The hillslope experiment was embedded within a paired control‐intervention catchment study, with 3 years of preblocking and 6 years of postblocking data. Results from the hillslope showed large reductions in discharge via blocked ditches, with water partly redirected into hillslope surface and subsurface flows, and partly into remaining open ditches. We observed no impacts of ditch blocking on DOC, particulate organic carbon, dissolved carbon dioxide or methane in ditch waters, DOC in porewaters or overland flow, or stream water DOC at the paired catchment scale. Similar DOC concentrations in ditch water, overland flow, and porewater suggest that diverting flow from the ditch network to surface or subsurface flow had a limited impact on concentrations or fluxes of DOC entering the stream network. The subdued response of fluvial carbon to ditch blocking in our study may be attributable to the relatively low susceptibility of blanket peatlands to drainage, or to physical alterations of the peat since drainage. We conclude that ditch blocking cannot be always be expected to deliver reductions in fluvial carbon loss, or improvements in the quality of drinking water supplies.