N2O measurements of air extracted from antarctic ice cores: Implication on atmospheric N2O back to the last glacial-interglacial transition

A method has been developed for determining the N₂O concentrations of air bubbles trapped in ice cores. The air is removed by cutting ice samples of about 45 cm³ with a rotating knife, under pure nitrogen. About 2 cm³ of the gas extracted from the ice is analyzed. The N₂O concentrations are measured by gas chromatography, using electron capture detection with a detection limit of approximately 1 ppbv. The accuracy of the analysis is lower than 6%.This method has been used to analyze 34 Antarctic ice samples. Twelve air samples are from the D57 core and date approximately from AD 1600 and 1900. Data indicate a concentration of about 270 ppbv approximately 400 years ago, and of about 293 ppbv for the beginning of the 20th Century. The other samples have been taken from the Dome C core and date back to the time period extending from the Holocene to the Last Glacial Maximum. The results obtained for the Holocene period are in very good agreement with the concentrations measured for the pre-industrial time from the D57 core and indicate that, during the Holocene period, atmospheric N₂O mixing ratios may have remained fairly constant. The value observed during the last climatic transition suggest a slight increase in the N₂O concentrations when the climate was warming up. The results obtained on samples formed during the Last Glacial Maximum show high scattering which is best explained by the bad quality of this part of the core.     

P21ca斜方辉石相变的研究

笔者利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和加热台等技术,对河北承德黑山P2_1ca顽辉石的相变过程进行动态观察,证实了P2_1ca斜方辉石是Pbca斜方辉石的同质多象低温变体。相变温度在800～900℃之间。这一变相是通过P2_1ca斜方辉石晶体结构中四分之一呈S旋转的Si—O四面体链改变为O旋转类型而实现的。     

On the Nonlinear Response of Lower Stratospheric Ozone to NO_x and ClO_x Perturbations for Different CH_4 Sources

The impact of sulfate aerosol, ClO2 and NOx perturbations for two different magnitudes of CH4 sources on lower stratospheric ozone is studied by using a heterogeneous chemical system that consists of 19 species belonging to 5 chemical families (oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and carbon). The results show that the present modeled photochemical system can present several different solutions, for instance, periodic states and multi-equilibrium states appearing in turn under certain parameter domains, through chlorine chemistry and nitrogen chemistry together with sulfate aerosol as well as the increasing magnitude of CH4 sources. The existence of catastrophic transitions could produce a dramatic reduction in the ozone concentration with the increase of external sources.     

隔震换能系统的性能及其参数影响分析

在建立了隔震换能结构体系数学模型的基础上,以一个五层框架隔震结构为例实现了系统的动态仿真分析。详细讨论了四个主要参数的变化对振动控制效果和换能效果的影响,这些参数包括隔震换能系统的活塞面积,活塞最大行程,蓄能器体积和油液弹性模量等。结果表明,活塞面积和蓄能器体积对系统性能影响比较大,而活塞最大行程和油液弹性模量对系统性能影响较小。     

Fast ion conduction character and ionic phase-transitions in disordered crystals: the complex case of the minerals of the pearceite–polybasite group

The minerals of the pearceite–polybasite group, general formula (Ag,Cu)₁₆ M ₂S₁₁ with M = Sb, As, have been recently structurally characterized. On the whole, all the structures can be described as a regular succession of two module layers stacked along the c axis: a first module layer (labeled A), with general composition [(Ag,Cu)₆(As,Sb)₂S₇]²⁻, and a second module layer (labeled B), with general composition [Ag₉CuS₄]²⁺. In detail, in the B layer of the pearceite structure silver cations are found in various sites corresponding to the most pronounced probability density function locations of diffusion-like paths. We have shown for the first time that the observed structural disorder in the B layer is strongly related to the fast ion conduction character exhibited by these minerals. This paper reports an integrated XREF, DSC, CIS and EPMA study on all the members of the pearceite–polybasite group. DSC and conductivity measurements pointed out that the 222 members show ionic-transitions at 340 K (arsenpolybasite-222) and 350 K (polybasite-222), whereas the 221 members have transitions at lower temperature, that is, 310–330 K (arsenpolybasite-221) and 335 K (polybasite-221). For the 111 members (pearceite and antimonpearceite), the transition occurs below room temperature at 273 K. In situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments showed that these minerals present the same high temperature structure and are observed at room temperature either in their high temperature (HT) fast ion conductivity form or in one of the low temperature (LT) fully ordered (222), partially ordered (221) or still disordered (111) forms, with transition temperatures slightly above or below room temperature. The pearceite–polybasite group of minerals can be considered as a homogeneous series with the same aristotype, fast ion conducting form at high temperature. Depending upon the Cu content, an ordering occurs with transition temperatures related to that content: the lower the Cu content, the higher the transition temperature from the fast ion conducting HT form to the non-ion conducting form.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Seismic imaging of the transitional crust across the northeastern margin of the South China Sea

Crustal structure across the passive continental margin of the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) is presented based on a deep seismic survey cooperated between Taiwan and China in August 2001. Reflection data collected from a 48-hydrophone streamer and the vertical component of refraction/reflection data recorded at 11 ocean-bottom seismometers along a NW–SE profile are integrated to image the upper (1.6–2.4 km/s), lower (2.5–2.9 km/s), and compacted (3–4.5 km/s) sediment, the upper (4.5–5.5 km/s), middle (5.5–6.5 km/s) and lower (6.5–7.5 km/s) crystalline crust successively. The velocity model shows that the thickness (0.5–3 km) and the basement of the compacted sediment are strongly varied due to intrusion of the magma and igneous rocks after seafloor spreading of the SCS. Furthermore, several volcanoes and igneous rocks in the upper/middle crust (7–10 km thick) and a high velocity layer (0–5 km thick) in the lower crust of the model are identified as the ocean–continent transition (OCT) below the lower slope in the northeastern margin of the SCS. A thin continent NW of the OCT and a thick oceanic crust SE of the OCT in the continental margin of the northeastern SCS are also imaged, but these transitional crusts cannot be classified as the OCT due to their crustal thickness and the limited amount of the volcano, the magma and the high velocity layer. The extended continent, next to the gravity low and a sag zone extended from the SW Taiwan Basin, may have resulted from subduction of the Eurasian Plate beneath the Manila Trench whereas the thick oceanic crust may have been due to the excess volcanism and the late magmatic underplating in the oceanic crust after seafloor spreading of the SCS.     

高压下多硅白云母的拉曼光谱学研究

在金刚石压腔中，通过原位拉曼光谱研究了多硅白云母在常温高压下的稳定性。实验获得了多硅白云母从常压到20GPa的拉曼光谱数据，研究了多硅白云母的266、708和3618cm^-1叫谱峰与压力的相关性。研究发现，多硅白云母的708cm^-1叫谱峰随压力增加有规律地向高频方向偏移，与压力的增加呈明显的正相关性，即y（拉曼位移，cm^-1）=0．5238x（压力，GPa）＋712．31，相关系数R^2=0．9656，并且该谱峰在压力4．7GPa时消失，这可能与多硅白云母中的Si、Al替代有关。羟基3618cm^-1谱峰则随压力增加向低频方向移动，谱峰的降低与压力的增加呈明显的线性关系变化（y=-0．3402X＋3617．8，R^2=0．9662），并且强度随着压力的增加也在逐渐减弱，在压力达18GPa时开始消失，推测该压力可能为多硅白云母在常温下脱羟基的极限压力。     

方钠石的原位高压X射线研究

在室温下使用金刚石对顶砧（DAC）高压装置和同步辐射光源，对架状硅酸盐矿物方钠石进行了原位高压X射线衍射实验，最高压力达到17．4GPa。在研究的压力范围内观察到在3GPa左右方钠石发生了一次相变，且压力大于6．3GPa时，d222出现异常增大。对方钠石在高压下相变以及d222增大的原因进行了分析，认为方钠石结构中存在着充填大阳离子的多面体笼和孔道，高压下这些笼和孔道容易扭曲变形，从而造成结构的改变。     

高温高压下石膏脱水相变的原位拉曼光谱研究

本文运用激光拉曼光谱仪,利用水热金刚石压腔装置对高温高压条件下石膏-水体系中的石膏脱水相变进行拉曼光谱研究。在压力0.1MPa～837.9MPa 和温度16～200℃条件下通过系列实验对相变的过程进行了原位光谱分析。与人们已知的无水条件下石膏分两步脱水的过程不同,高压下石膏在饱和水环境下倾向于一次性的脱去所有结晶水而形成无水石膏,实验中没有观察到半水石膏的出现。通过实验数据得到石膏和无水石膏的转折温度和平衡压力间的关系式为 P_(MPa)=19.56·T_(℃)-2926.5。