Laboratory determination of smear and transition zones due to prefabricated vertical drain installation

The smear zone, which develops during the placement of the prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) in the ground using a steel mandrel, is a significant factor that influences the performance of PVDs. The determination of the width and hydraulic conductivity of smear zone is an important consideration in designing ground improvement by preloading with PVDs. Thus, the extent and hydraulic conductivity of the PVD smear zone have received significant attention; however, there is still uncertainty and the topic remains discrepant among investigators. There is limited or no smear zone hydraulic conductivity data that is directly produced by laboratory or field tests. In this study, a laboratory smear zone model experiment that was developed as a performance test for determining the extent of the smear zone and measuring directly its hydraulic conductivity was used. Based on the findings obtained from two different materials (Craney Island dredgings and Hydrite R kaolinite soil), it is indicated that the disturbed zone is made up of two areas, namely smear zone and transition zone, and that the hydraulic conductivity in these areas is lower than the undisturbed soil. The ratio of the hydraulic conductivity of the smear and transition zones to that of the undisturbed soil was found to vary between 0.32 and 0.50 and between 0.57 and 0.82, respectively in different soils. The diameter of the smear zone was found to be 2.3–3.3 times higher than the equivalent diameter of the mandrel depending on the soil. The diameter of the transition zone extended 5.2–7.3 times the equivalent diameter of mandrel again depending on the soil. These directly measured values, in general, are supportive of the published values based on indirect means and the test device can be used to study the impact of mandrels of different size and shape and other factors by minor modification.     

高温高压条件下角闪岩脆-塑性转化实验研究

在高温高压条件下开展了天然角闪岩样品的变形实验研究,并且利用偏光显微镜和扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察,研究了在不同的温压和应变速率条件下角闪石的变形机制。实验结果表明,随着温度升高,样品的应力-应变曲线由强化逐渐转化为屈服,并且出现弱化,样品强度显著降低,随着围压增加,样品强度增大,随着应变速率降低,样品强度降低,压缩方向与样品面理斜交的实验样品强度显著降低。实验变形样品在500℃时,角闪石表现为晶内破裂和碎裂变形,其变形以脆性为主导;在600℃时,样品中发育由角闪石残斑和碎裂基质构成的碎裂组构,部分角闪石晶体出现了波状消光,角闪石以碎裂变形为主,局部具有塑性变形的特征;在700℃时,样品以晶体扭折变形为主,局部出现脱水和细粒微晶,并且含有微破裂,显示了样品以晶体扭折变形为主,含有微破裂,样品变形处于脆-塑性转换域;在800℃时,样品中基本没有发现明显的脆性变形,样品以动态重结晶作用为主,角闪石出现脱水。因此,在实验温压范围内,在500℃→600℃→700℃→800℃条件下,角闪石变形机制表现为脆性破裂→碎裂流动→晶体扭折→动态重结晶和脱水作用,显示了角闪石经历了脆性—脆-塑转化—塑性变形的变形机制。     

一种接触式三维应变花的工作原理及其应用

在三维空间中,常规应变状态由3个正应变和3个剪应变来描述。因此,确定一点的应变状态至少需要6个应变测试元件。基于应变状态理论,设计了一种能测试混凝土、岩土等材料内部应变状态的接触式三维应变花。该测试装置的核心由6个常规应变片组成,且应变片的布置需要满足特定条件。根据任一方向上线应变与常规应变表示方法中三维应变各分量之间的关系,建立了三维应变花各测试数据与常规应变之间的转换矩阵。进一步给出了求解该问题的必要条件,并进行了误差分析。考虑施工便利性要求,着重阐明了直角式三维应变花和正四面体式三维应变花的应变片布置方式,并给出了对应的计算方法。两种三维应变花的自身测试和对某试样应变状态的测试表明,该方法可对混凝土、岩土等材料内部的三维应变状态进行测试。     

Population in Advanced Placement Human Geography

Abstract

The Advanced Placement human geography course affords high school students the opportunity to experience an introductory college-level course in geography. Population is one of six major themes in the course. The course outline identifies four key areas of study in the population unit: geographical analysis of population, population distribution and composition, population growth and decline over time and space, and population movement. This article addresses each of these areas of study and identifies examples of concepts, topics, and types of data that could form the basis for instructional activities. A resource list is provided for additional reading.     

The scale of forest transition: Amazonia and the Atlantic forests of Brazil

This article adapts a general equilibrium model that provides a spatial solution for land use, labor allocation, and product markets in a two good economy. The adaptation, based on von Thünen, considers the multi-regional case, and solves for two regions, one industrial and the other, a newly opened agricultural frontier. The conceptual framework is considered with reference to Brazil, where forest recovery in the Atlantic Rainforest occurs simultaneously with forest losses in Amazonia. Simulation results of the theoretical model are given, demonstrating the impacts of comparative advantage in regional agriculture on the spatial system. The main theoretical interest of the article, aside from providing a formal spatial statement, is to define a distinction between aggregate forest transition (A-FT), when the area of all forests in a multi-regional system increases with the advent of trade relations, and regional forest transition (R-FT), when forest recovery is spatially constrained, and depends on forest losses elsewhere. Thus, the article addresses the role of scale in defining forest transition, and does so by representing spatial dynamics with a formal model. It also suggests that forest transition privileges one biome at the expense of others, and that a concept of landscape turnaround is more germane from a wildlands conservation perspective. The article closes with a discussion of Brazil, and how its forests in Amazonia and along the Atlantic will fare in the coming years.     

Climate change, patch choice, and intensification at Pont d'Ambon (Dordogne, France) during the Younger Dryas

This paper considers the impact of the Younger Dryas on the prehistoric inhabitants of Pont d'Ambon, a site in the Dordogne region of southwestern France, through an examination of the zooarchaeological remains from this site. An investigation of patch choice indicates that patch choice evenness declines during the Younger Dryas due to increasing local dominance of the grassland patch. Analyses of demographic composition, cutmark frequency, and marrow processing in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) assemblage suggest intensified rabbit use during this period. This study thus supports the hypothesis that changing climate had significant impacts on the prehistoric inhabitants of Pont d'Ambon. However, the traditional climate hypothesis—that changing climate negatively impacted the availability of larger fauna, forcing a switch to smaller, lower-ranked prey items—is not supported here. The inhabitants of Pont d'Ambon seem to have adapted to changing climate by efficiently exploiting the new species available to them, and possibly, during the Younger Dryas, by intensifying their use of one of these new species, the European rabbit.     

水的相变：热液成矿作用的重要控制因素之一

在热液成矿作用中,流体主要组分是水。在研究热液矿床时,除了要重视不同介质之间的化学反应和地质演化等因素外,水的相变也是了解热液成矿作用过程的关键。以热容为例,应用NIST（National Institute of Standards and Technology）提供的网上计算平台,研究了地壳中随温压改变水的热容变化规律,指出相变可造成水的物理化学参数急剧变化、是热液成矿作用的必要条件,揭示出热液成矿作用中水的相变和断裂（或断裂+岩浆活动）之间的内在耦合关系。指出通过水的相变可建立成矿期次与断裂期次之间的对应关系,水的相变是热液矿床形成的重要控制因素之一。     

利用终端位置时空转移概率预测通讯基站服务用户规模

基站服务用户数的预测对通信基站的空间位置选取、通讯服务带宽的配置优化等有重要作用,并为城市公共安全管理方面中的人群聚集预警与群体事件预防提供辅助决策支持。本文利用海量手机轨迹数据,运用时空转移概率定量化描述城市内不同区域间人群流动的时空特性,结合马尔可夫链和贝叶斯定理,构建手机用户群体在基站间的时空转移概率模型,并以此提出一种城市区域尺度上的基站服务用户数预测方法。利用湖北省某城市长达30 d的手机轨迹数据进行模型训练与预测方法验证,实验结果表明：在时间粒度为60 min时,本文提出的方法对8-22时各时段基站服务用户数预测准确率都大于94.8%;在不同时间粒度下对比本文方法、Castro模型、移动平均法,发现在时间粒度大于20 min时,本文方法预测准确率高于另外两种方法。     

基于遥感的青岛市区土地利用动态变化研究

基于青岛市区2005年4月和2015年4月的TM影像,利用ENVI中监督分类法,结合人工目视解译,得出2005年和2015年青岛市区土地利用类型分布情况。利用土地利用类型动态模型,分析了10年间青岛市土地利用类型的变化规律。认为2005—2015年,青岛市土地利用类型产生了较大的变化,建设用地、耕地、水面、草地、林地的面积变化显著。其中,建设用地面积增加200.98 km~2;耕地面积减少105.89 km~2;水面面积减少76.68 km~2;草地面积减少69.53 km~2;林地面积增加54.45 km~2;未利用土地面积减少。说明青岛市区处于土地利用发展的时期,政府应该注重土地资源的合理利用。