青藏铁路冻土与融区过渡段路基变形特性试验研究

冻胀和融沉是影响寒区路基稳定性的两大问题.对于多年冻土到融区过渡段路基,除考虑冻胀和融沉外,还应考虑多年冻土区和融区路基沉降变形差和冻胀变形差问题.根据青藏铁路沱沱河试验段路基在竣工后3a内的现场试验数据,分析了有代表性路基的地温变化、路基基底变形以及整个试验段的冻胀、沉降变形差问题,计算出了多年冻土与融区过渡段路基的合理长度.结果表明:多年冻土与融区过渡地带沉降总变形量相差较大,但从年沉降速率来看,路基不会产生突降,且随着沉降速率逐渐减小,路基趋于稳定;试验段内冻胀量差异不大,不会影响线路平顺度.对于本试验段此类工程地质条件,可以采用允许多年冻土融化原则的工程措施.     

桩端土组成复杂情况下的工程勘察

上海地区桩基工程勘探中忽视桩端主要持力层范围内相对软弱夹层存在的情况时有出现。文章从第四纪地质角度分析了相关地层组成复杂性的客观因素,它是松散土层垂直相变的反映。同时指出,当前工程勘察工作中现场勘探劳务施工和岩土工程工作脱离、岩土工程师缺乏第四纪地质观念,常以建筑材料观念看待、处理地基土层,以及过分依赖计算机的倾向。建议按ISO9001精神,加强桩基勘探工作的全过程控制。     

Advances in the Marine Photochemistry of Some Important Transition Metal Elements

1　Introduction　Historically ,thestudyoflightintheoceanshasbeeninvolvedprimarilyintwothemes :therolelightplaysinmarinelivesanditskeycontrolofprimaryproductivity .Consequently ,thephotochemicalinter actionofsunlightwithseawaterconstituentsandtheresultingenvironmentalconsequenceshasbecomeanimportantstudythemeinthefieldofmarinesciences .Currently ,investigationsinmarine photochemistrymainlyinclude (1)examinationofthenatureandre activityofthechromophoresfoundinthedissolvedor ganicmatterinseawater…     

南海西南次海盆深部结构研究进展与展望

西南次海盆位于南海渐进式扩张的西南端,共轭陆缘结构和残留扩张脊保留完整,是研究南海深部结构和动力学机制的关键区域。前期研究发现,西南次海盆洋陆过渡带较窄、同扩张断层发育、地震反射莫霍面不清晰、具有慢速扩张等特征。然而,由于不同探测方法获取的地壳结构具有多解性,使得西南次海盆洋陆转换过程、慢速扩张洋壳结构与增生模式以及龙门海山岩石性质与地幔成因机制等基础科学问题尚存争议。为此我们建议在西南次海盆开展地质取样获取海山岩石样品,确定其年龄与性质,分析扩张后海山形成的深部动力过程;并对关键构造部署高精度的地震反射/折射联合探测,结合岩石物理分析,对西南次海盆进行构造成像和物质组成参数正反演,以实现壳幔尺度的地震学透视,为探索西南次海盆洋陆转换过程和洋壳增生模式提供重要的地球物理证据,以丰富和完善南海的动力学演化模式。     

西北太平洋热带气旋变性阶段强度变化的比较研究

选取西北太平洋上两个生命史中发生变性的热带气旋Yagi和Francisco,前者变性后有一个24小时的再增强过程,而后者则继续减弱直至消亡。利用日本气象厅提供的热带气旋资料和美国环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL全球分析资料,对比分析两个TC在变性阶段的形势场,发现两者在高低层的环境场均具有明显的差异:Yagi在变性阶段其高空槽较强且在低层有一个与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋合并的过程;而Francisco在变性阶段其高空槽较弱,且变性后自行消亡。另外探讨了导致Yagi变性增强的原因,结果表明:(1)Yagi变性阶段与高空槽前的急流相互作用时,高空急流入口区左侧和出口区右侧的次级环流将产生高空辐散低空辐合的趋势,有利于低层TC低压的发展。同时,当Yagi在穿越急流的过程当中,垂直风切变的增加将导致斜压不稳定增强,低层锋区强烈发展,锋区内的斜压能量可能向TC动能转化,从而使得Yagi发展增强;(2)高空槽所对应的高层湿位涡下传可使得低层正涡度增长,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流,有利于Yagi变性后重新发展;(3)Yagi与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋发生合并,温带气旋所带来的较高纬度冷空气的入侵增强了低层的水平温度梯度,使得低层锋区强烈发展,从Yagi以一个锋面气旋的形式而再度发展,促使其变性后进一步增强。而这些特征都是Francisco所不具备的。     

Re-Examination of the Potential Vorticity Metrics for Determining Extratropical Transition Onset and Completion Times Using High-Resolution Data

Based on a high-resolution dataset, this note re-examines the recently developed potential vorticity （PV） metrics for determining extratropical transition （ET） onset and completion times. The PV metrics use average 330-K isentropic potential vorticity （IPV） to determine the ET onset time, defined as the 330-K IPV minimum time. However, the suggested 330-K IPV threshold fails to determine the ET completion time using the 20-km resolution data, and this IPV method cannot resolve reintensifying and weakening tropical cyclone cases due to the absence of differentiation of lower-level IPV tendencies after ET onset between these two groups of cases.     

A practitioner's guide to a low-carbon economy: lessons from the UK

Drawing primarily on the UK experience, five practical lessons are identified for policy makers who seek to decarbonize their economies. First, decarbonization needs a solid legal basis to give it credibility and overcome time inconsistency problems. Second, putting a price on carbon is essential, but low-carbon policies also have to address wider market, investment, and behavioural failures. This in turn raises issues of policy complexity and coordination. Third, the low-carbon economy is likely to be highly electrified. Clean electricity could be a cost-effective way of decarbonizing many parts of the economy, including transport, heating, and parts of industry. Decarbonization therefore starts in the power sector. Fourth, the low-carbon transition is primarily a revolution of production and not consumption. Both supply-side innovation and demand-side adjustments in lifestyle and behaviour are needed, though the former should dominate. Fifth, the transition to a low-carbon economy is economically and technologically feasible. Achieving it is a question of policy competence and having the political will to drive economic and social change.

Policy relevance

Practically all major GHG emitters now have climate change legislation on their statute books. Given what is at stake, and the complexity of the task at hand, it is important that policy makers learn from each other and establish a code of good low-carbon practice. The main lessons from the UK are distilled and presented. Carbon policy is considered for key sectors, such as electricity, buildings, and transport, and possible decarbonization paths are also outlined. It is shown that the transition to a low-carbon economy is economically and technologically feasible. Achieving it is primarily a question of policy competence and political will. This in turn means that climate change action needs a strong legislative basis to give the reforms statutory legitimacy. Low-carbon policies will have to address a wide range of market, investment and behavioural failures. Putting a price on carbon is an essential starting point, but only one of many policy reforms.     

滇西"三江"地区高镁钾质火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

本文报导了位于金沙江-哀牢山断裂带中段6个暗色超基性-基性火山岩的岩石学特征与稀土微量及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学数据,并对其成因和起源条件等进行了讨论。研究表明这6个暗色超基性-基性火山岩属于钾质碱性-钙碱性系列,依SiO₂含量包括超基性、基性(或中基性)岩类。岩石的Mg^#值较高(54.53~79.81),属于高镁火山岩。所有岩石样品具有富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素的特征。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素显示,源区具有具有较明显的Dupal异常和EMⅡ型富集地幔端元的特征。火山岩的岩石学与地球化学一致表明,本区多数暗色基性火山岩具有原生岩浆性质,其成因与富集地幔的部分熔融有关。源区显著的EMII富集地幔端元可能是扬子古陆和古特提斯洋的双向俯冲及俯冲的下地壳物质和古特提斯洋壳沉积物的再循环的物质记录。这套岩石形成于印度-欧亚大陆碰撞后的剪切和拉张构造环境,软流层地幔的上涌与俯冲的古特提斯洋壳沉积物和扬子古陆壳物质的混合,是诱发源区发生部分熔融的主要原因。金沙江-哀牢山断裂带强烈的剪切和拉张,使这些岩浆直接快速喷发至地表,因此形成具有原生岩浆性质的火山岩。     

α- and β-diversity Change of Late Ordovician Hirnantia Fauna of Changning, Sichuan, Southwest China

A continuous Ordovician-Silurian boundary section from the upper Wufeng Formation through the Kuanyinchiao Formation to the lower Lungmachi Formation has been carefully measured and collected at Shuanghe of Changning, southern Sichuan Province. For the first time, the temporal changes of α- and β-diversities of the Hirnantia fauna have been discussed in great detail. The general trend of brachiopod diversity change, increasing upward, is consistent with the regional trend of the Yangtze Platform, which had been controlled by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the sudden drop of diversity for a short period in the upper Kuanyinchiao Formation might have been controlled by environmental factors rather than normal faunal turnover. Synecological analysis using numerical methods recognizes two brachiopod-dominated associations of the Hirnantia fauna, the Dalmanella-Kinnella Association and the Mirorthis Association, both living in an offshore, deeper water environment corresponding to BA3-upper BA4, particularly lower BA3.     

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