爆破振动参数在地质灾害鉴定中的运用

本文论述爆破振动参数在地质灾害鉴定中的运用。指出在作爆破振动地质灾害鉴定时,除对建筑物的设计、建筑材料、建筑史、用途、结构、内外环境、地基基础、变形特征进行详细的了解记录外,还必须了解其爆破源点与被鉴定对象之间的地质环境,确定其与地形地质条件有关的系数K,衰减指数α,鉴定对象的最大振幅对应的频率、速度、爆破点的位置及炸药用量,计算振动的安全距离与剖面图上两者之间距离进行比较,为鉴定提出合理的证据。     

Directed blasts and blast-generated pyroclastic density currents: a comparison of the Bezymianny 1956, Mount St Helens 1980, and Soufrière Hills,Montserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits

We compare eruptive dynamics, effects and deposits of the Bezymianny 1956 (BZ), Mount St Helens 1980 (MSH), and Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat 1997 (SHV) eruptions, the key events of which included powerful directed blasts. Each blast subsequently generated a high-energy stratified pyroclastic density current (PDC) with a high speed at onset. The blasts were triggered by rapid unloading of an extruding or intruding shallow magma body (lava dome and/or cryptodome) of andesitic or dacitic composition. The unloading was caused by sector failures of the volcanic edifices, with respective volumes for BZ, MSH, and SHV c. 0.5, 2.5, and 0.05 km³. The blasts devastated approximately elliptical areas, axial directions of which coincided with the directions of sector failures. We separate the transient directed blast phenomenon into three main parts, the burst phase, the collapse phase, and the PDC phase. In the burst phase the pressurized mixture is driven by initial kinetic energy and expands rapidly into the atmosphere, with much of the expansion having an initially lateral component. The erupted material fails to mix with sufficient air to form a buoyant column, but in the collapse phase, falls beyond the source as an inclined fountain, and thereafter generates a PDC moving parallel to the ground surface. It is possible for the burst phase to comprise an overpressured jet, which requires injection of momentum from an orifice; however some exploding sources may have different geometry and a jet is not necessarily formed. A major unresolved question is whether the preponderance of strong damage observed in the volcanic blasts should be attributed to shock waves within an overpressured jet, or alternatively to dynamic pressures and shocks within the energetic collapse and PDC phases. Internal shock structures related to unsteady flow and compressibility effects can occur in each phase. We withhold judgment about published shock models as a primary explanation for the damage sustained at MSH until modern 3D numerical modeling is accomplished, but argue that much of the damage observed in directed blasts can be reasonably interpreted to have been caused by high dynamic pressures and clast impact loading by an inclined collapsing fountain and stratified PDC. This view is reinforced by recent modeling cited for SHV. In distal and peripheral regions, solids concentration, maximum particle size, current speed, and dynamic pressure are diminished, resulting in lesser damage and enhanced influence by local topography on the PDC. Despite the different scales of the blasts (devastated areas were respectively 500, 600, and >10 km² for BZ, MSH, and SHV), and some complexity involving retrogressive slide blocks and clusters of explosions, their pyroclastic deposits demonstrate strong similarity. Juvenile material composes >50% of the deposits, implying for the blasts a dominantly magmatic mechanism although hydrothermal explosions also occurred. The character of the magma fragmented by explosions (highly viscous, phenocryst-rich, variable microlite content) determined the bimodal distributions of juvenile clast density and vesicularity. Thickness of the deposits fluctuates in proximal areas but in general decreases with distance from the crater, and laterally from the axial region. The proximal stratigraphy of the blast deposits comprises four layers named A, B, C, D from bottom to top. Layer A is represented by very poorly sorted debris with admixtures of vegetation and soil, with a strongly erosive ground contact; its appearance varies at different sites due to different ground conditions at the time of the blasts. The layer reflects intense turbulent boundary shear between the basal part of the energetic head of the PDC and the substrate. Layer B exhibits relatively well-sorted fines-depleted debris with some charred plant fragments; its deposition occurred by rapid suspension sedimentation in rapidly waning, high-concentration conditions. Layer C is mainly a poorly sorted massive layer enriched by fines with its uppermost part laminated, created by rapid sedimentation under moderate-concentration, weakly tractive conditions, with the uppermost laminated part reflecting a dilute depositional regime with grain-by-grain traction deposition. By analogy to laboratory experiments, mixing at the flow head of the PDC created a turbulent dilute wake above the body of a gravity current, with layer B deposited by the flow body and layer C by the wake. The uppermost layer D of fines and accretionary lapilli is an ash fallout deposit of the finest particles from the high-rising buoyant thermal plume derived from the sediment-depleted pyroclastic density current. The strong similarity among these eruptions and their deposits suggests that these cases represent similar source, transport and depositional phenomena.     

空气反循环钻进工艺在物探爆破孔施工中的试验应用研究

概述了空气反循环钻进工艺应用于物探爆破孔施工的原理、特点及其试验应用情况。通过试验应用得出结论,该工艺方法具有钻进速度快、成孔深度深、有效实现不提钻下炸药等优点,具有良好的应用前景。     

喷流和星风对γ射线暴余辉的联合作用

持续时标较长的γ射线暴（Ｇａｍａｍａ－Ｒａｙ Ｂｕｒｓｔ）起源于大质量恒星的塌缩,这是目前对γ射线暴能源机制的流行看法。在大质量恒星周围的星风环境又是不可避免,而现在普遍认为γ射线暴存在着喷流。在这两点基础之一,详细地计算了喷流在星风环境下的演化。在计算时,由于传统的描述喷流的动力学公式在跨相对论时存在着严重的问题,利用了修正过的公式。由于传统的描述喷流的动力学公式在跨相对论时存在着严重的问题,利     

控爆技术、无声破碎和被动防护网在危岩排险中的综合应用探讨

危岩是三峡库区主要地质灾害之一,现呈现出多发、频发的趋势。危岩的分类为坠落式、倾倒式和滑塌式。危岩的综合治理措施有清除、支撑、锚固、拦截、封填、灌浆、排水、防护网等。控爆技术,包括洞室控爆技术、深孔控爆技术、光面爆破、预裂爆破、浅眼循环控爆技术等,以及无声破碎和防护网,均适用于危岩排险工程。危岩的爆破不同于一般的工程爆破,针对不同的危岩类型采用不同的控爆技术和综合应用措施,可以充分保护母岩,稳定岩体,达到应急排险的目的。     

深基坑开挖爆破技术

介绍了深基坑开挖的控制爆破技术,结合工程实践,阐述了爆破参数选取及施工工艺措施.     

高钛型高炉渣与硫酸铵焙烧过程中反应产物的变化与形成机理研究

高钛型高炉渣富含TiO₂,是一种重要的矿物资源。为实现其中TiO₂的富集,研究了其与硫酸铵的混合物在焙烧过程中反应产物的变化及形成机理。采用TG-DTA和XRD对高钛型高炉渣与硫酸铵混合物的热效应变化和原料及焙烧产物的物相组成进行了表征。结果表明,高钛型高炉渣主要矿物组成为钙钛矿、透辉石和镁铝尖晶石,其与硫酸铵的混合物在加热过程中存在3个明显的吸热效应,为硫酸铵自身分解反应及与高钛型高炉渣中金属氧化物的反应和所形成的中间产物的分解反应所引起。在较低的焙烧温度下,硫酸铵分解产物为(NH₄)₃H(SO₄)₂,其与钙钛矿和透辉石中的金属氧化物反应可形成CaSO₄;在焙烧温度为300～375℃时,镁铝尖晶石中的Al₂O₃与(NH₄)₂SO₄和(NH₄)₃H(SO₄)₂反应形成(NH₄)₃Al(SO₄)₃;在375～425℃时,(NH₄)₃Al(SO₄)₃与Al₂O₃反应形成NH₄Al(SO₄)₂;焙烧温度升高至500℃时,NH₄Al(SO₄)₂发生分解生成Al₂(SO₄)₃。     

拱形结构爆炸作用荷载分布规律研究

采用数值计算方法对地下高边墙拱形结构在爆炸作用下爆炸荷载的分布规律进行了研究。研究结果表明,拱形部分荷载分布主要受爆高、跨度、观测点角度的影响,荷载分布形式是以拱顶为对称轴的马鞍形。爆高与跨度的比值越大,结构上的荷载分布越均匀,反之,则越集中;边墙部分荷载分布主要受爆高、跨度、边墙高度影响,从墙顶开始沿着墙体逐渐衰减,最终趋于均匀。在此基础上,给出了自由场地下大跨度拱形结构荷载的计算方法,并计算了拱形结构上的荷载系数,发现沿着拱形荷载系数并不是固定值,在拱顶最小,近似等于1.5,且随拱角的增加而变大。     

高地应力下隧道围岩动力损伤分析

为预估和控制爆破荷载作用下围岩损伤范围,在赣龙铁路梅花山隧道工程现场进行岩体声波测试,得到围岩的损伤范围。根据爆破荷载作用下岩体损伤发展规律,采用基于概率形式的损伤变量定义,运用三维有限差分软件对不同地应力状态下爆破产生的围岩损伤范围进行数值模拟,并与现场岩体声波测试结果进行比较。计算结果表明,数值计算与实测结果有较好的一致性,随着地应力大小增大,围岩损伤范围呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且增大幅度较大,地应力较高时,局部部位如顶板、底板损伤更为明显,说明地应力大小对围岩损伤分布有着显著影响;随着侧压力系数增大,损伤范围先减小后增大,但增速逐渐减小。所得到的结论可为高地应力下隧道稳定性分析和支护设计提供依据。     

Site characterizations for the Tehran network (TDMMO) in Tehran Region Using Micro-Earthquake,Microtremor and Quarry Blast Data

We did a Study of Horizontal-to-Vertical Component Spectral Ratio in the Tehran seismic zone. Micro-earthquakes, microtremors and quarry blasts data were used as an estimation of the site response in the Tehran zone. Site effects were studied based on horizontal to vertical ratios by the Nakamura׳s technique. Also, we used the spectra of signals for three components with the lowest noise levels for spectral slope studies. The analysis used seismic events from a network of 13 seismic stations by the permanent local seismological network of the Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management Organization (TDMMO) from 2004 to 2007. The number of events used were different for each station. Quarry blast events were with 1.2≤M_L≤2.2 and micro-earthquakes were with 1.1≤M_L≤4.1.By comparing results for earthquake, microtremor and quarry blast, we could see that there is a significant difference between them. The data showed clear observations, especially in high-frequencies. The H/V spectral ratios indicate dominant frequency for rock/soft site with a higher ratio level for quarry blast ratios, which are comparable to the earthquake results due to their difference sources. The results derived by spectral H/V ratios and spectral analysis may be used to distinguish between local earthquakes and quarry blasts.