Simulation of structural response under high‐frequency ground excitation

The structural response to high‐frequency ground motions is complicated due to the involvement of local‐mode vibration. At present such a characteristic is not well recognized and this can cause confusion over the analytical and experimental modelling of the corresponding response and damage. The fact that most existing regulatory guides for limits on allowable construction vibrations are necessarily simplified for administrative reasons calls upon the derivation of more sophisticated approaches for special cases. This requires accumulation of pertinent experimental evidence. This paper attempts to provide some insights into the local‐mode dynamic response characteristics, with emphasis on appropriate modelling techniques and experimental measurements. A preliminary testing program is reported, in which efforts were made to reproduce high‐frequency response with a reduced scale reinforced concrete model with shaking table facilities. The results demonstrate the dependence of the response amplitudes with the excitation frequency. On a ppv‐basis, the current test results indicate that a substantial increase of the allowable ppv value from those specified by various standards may be considered for structural damage to reinforced concrete building structures. More analytical and experimental data are needed for further evaluation of the local‐mode effects and to quantify their impact on the structural damage process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

爆破对岩爆产生作用的初步探讨

几个典型工程实例表明，岩爆发生的控制性因素主要是应力与岩性的关系，开挖爆破对岩爆的发生起着某种重要的作用，但这种作用一直未得到充分地认识。文章分析了开挖爆破产生的应力波在围岩中的传播及对围岩的影响：爆破产生的P波和Rayleigh波将分别在围岩中形成垂直和平行于围岩表面的拉张破裂面，这些破裂面可能是微观的，也可能是宏观的，它们为岩爆的发生提供了物质基础。文章最后通过岩爆实例及深井稳定性问题指出：开挖爆破不仅是岩爆的诱发性因素，在某条件下而且是一种控制性因素。     

基于遗传算法的煤层注水渗透特征参数反演

煤层注水是防治矿井冲击地压灾害发生的最有效的方法。确定煤层渗透特征参数，是合理确定注水工艺参数、有效控制防灾效果的关键，有很强的现实意义。遗传算法是全局收敛的方法，用该算法对煤体导水、贮水等渗透特征参数反演，方法稳定可靠。以观测水分增值与计算结果的相对偏差作为最优搜索目标函数，建立GA反演适应度函数及迭代收敛准则；GA操作采用无条件保护最优个体、种群个体无死亡及每个体只有1次参与交换机会等规则。提出通过对已知参数正向问题结果(水分增值)的反演计算，验证遗传算法精度。算例结果表明，繁衍迭代至第41代时，反演参数结果与理论参数几乎完全拟合。达到最优解，精度符合工程要求。     

铁路干线下的隧道施工关键技术

结合泰安抽水蓄能电站工程实例,介绍隧洞在穿越京沪铁路的施工过程中,采用震动监测技术优化爆破参数,顺利通过的施工技术。     

Understanding size and boundary effectsin scaled model blasts - plane problems

This contribution addresses model blasting and focuses on size and boundary effects on wave propagation, fracture pattern development and fragmentation in small scale laboratory size specimen. Small cylindrical specimens are centre-line loaded by linear high velocity of detonation explosive charges and detonated.

Using elastic wave propagation theory and fracture mechanics it is shown that the type of boundary conditions which prevail at the outer boundary of the cylinder control the extension of bore-hole cracking and fragmentation within the body of the cylinder. In the case of a composite cylinder with dissimilar mantel and core materials, the level of fracturing and fragmentation is controlled by the delamination of the interface. This, in turn, depends on the relative diameters of the core and the mantel. The most important parameter though is the ratio between the length of the pulse (space-wise or time-wise) and the characteristic dimensions of the models, i.e. in this case the diameters of the core and the mantel.

The theoretical basis for a simplified two-dimensional plane treatment is developed. Simple or composite, thin, plate-like specimens are centrally loaded; whereas the core is always a circle, the mantel can be either a circle or a square.     

A comparison of rock mass disturbance in TBM and drill and blast drivages at the Donkin Mine,Nova Scotia

Summary The initial phase of the Donkin-Morien project involves the driving of two parallel tunnels through an interbedded sequence of coal measures strata to intersect the Harbour Seam which lies approximately 3.5 km offshore. The No. 2 tunnel was driven a total distance of 3579 m using a 7.6 m diameter full face shielded Lovat TBM and supported by steel ring beams. The No. 3 tunnel was initially driven a distance of 1027 m using conventional drill and blast methods (7.6 m wide by 5.3 m high with a uniradial arch and supported by rock bolts and shotcrete). The TBM was subsequently used to complete the drivage of the No. 3 tunnel to the Harbour Seam.Both the No. 2 and No. 3 tunnels followed a thick sandstone unit at a grade of –20% for the first 900 m. This provided an opportunity to compare the rock mass disturbance resulting from two different excavation methods. A programme of field and laboratory measurements was therefore undertaken, which included: the use of a borehole dilatometer to determinein situ rock modulus,in situ gas permeability testing, seismic reflection surveys on the tunnel walls, and the laboratory testing of core samples.The paper examines the four different techniques used and compares the results obtained.     

Some aspects of cast blasting techniques for dam construction

Summary A proposal is under consideration to construct a dam on an experimental basis by a cast (or directional) blasting technique, DBT. The dam site is located at Bharari Khad, a tributary of the Sutlaz river in Himachal Pradesh. Site investigations have been completed and a large scale blast has been designed for construction of the experimental dam.The paper describes the basic design concept of DBT and application of throw and caving methods for construction of dams. The preliminary tests required to design the blasting pattern are detailed. The technique has a great potential because it reduces construction cost and time particularly in inaccessible mountain regions.     

地震效应及安全研究

分析了爆破地震效应原理，指出爆破振动速度是导致结构破坏的一个重要物理量，他可使建筑物的正常工作受到影响，同时，对附近居民产生影响。结合桃矿爆破地震观测，研究了爆破地震质点峰值振速衰减规律、振动频率、纵波速度和振动持续时间等地震效应及其安全问题。     

灌浆套筒连接装配式剪力墙爆炸响应及参数分析

为了研究采用灌浆套筒连接装配式剪力墙结构的抗爆性能,应用显式动力分析软件LS-DYNA建立了现浇剪力墙和装配式剪力墙的有限元模型,对不同爆炸荷载下剪力墙的破坏形态和动态响应进行了模拟分析;扩充影响参数范围,进一步研究了墙体厚度和混凝土强度等级等因素对装配式剪力墙结构抗爆性能的影响。数值分析表明:对于装配式剪力墙,由于坐浆层处存在新旧混凝土的薄弱粘结面,爆炸作用下首先发生破坏,爆炸应力波聚集于坐浆层周围的墙体内部,导致局部发生脆性破坏;现浇剪力墙刚度分布比较均匀,爆炸作用下背爆面的混凝土首先被拉裂,最终发生弯曲破坏;增加墙体厚度、提高混凝土强度等级和改变炸药爆炸位置均可改善装配式剪力墙的抗爆性能。     

爆破振动参数在地质灾害鉴定中的运用

本文论述爆破振动参数在地质灾害鉴定中的运用。指出在作爆破振动地质灾害鉴定时,除对建筑物的设计、建筑材料、建筑史、用途、结构、内外环境、地基基础、变形特征进行详细的了解记录外,还必须了解其爆破源点与被鉴定对象之间的地质环境,确定其与地形地质条件有关的系数K,衰减指数α,鉴定对象的最大振幅对应的频率、速度、爆破点的位置及炸药用量,计算振动的安全距离与剖面图上两者之间距离进行比较,为鉴定提出合理的证据。