Prospects of Carboniferous Shale Gas Exploitation in the Eastern Qaidam Basin

Shale gas is a resource of emerging importance in the energy field. Many countries in the world have been making big financial investments in this area. Carboniferous shale in the eastern Qaidam Basin shows good exploration prospects, but limited research and exploration work for shale oil and gas resources has been undertaken. Geochemical analyses were performed on shale derived from the Upper Carboniferous Hurleg Formation in the eastern Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, and secondary electron imaging capability of a Field Emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) was used to characterize the microstructure of the shale. The reservoir and exploitation potential of the studied shale was assessed by comparison with research results obtained from the Barnett Formation shale in Fort Worth Basin, North America and the Basin shale of Sichuan province. The results indicate that the eastern Qaidam Basin Carboniferous shale is high-quality source rock. There are four major microstructural types in the study area: matrix intergranular pores, dissolution pores, intergranular pores, and micro-fractures. The size of the micropores varies from 6–633 nm, the majority of which is between 39–200 nm, with a relatively small number of micro-scale pores ranging from 0.13–1 μm. The pore characteristics of the studied shales are similar to the North American and Sichuanese shales, indicating that they have good reservoir potential. No micropores are present in the organic matter, which is induced by its composition; instead we found an important lamellar structure in the organic matter. These micropores and microfractures are abundant, and are connected to natural visible cracks that form the network pore system, which controls the storage and migration of shale gas. This connectivity is favorable for shale gas exploitation, providing great scientific potential and practical value.     

Depositional Environment of Es_4~u and Es_3~l Shales Based on Biomarkers from the Boxing Sag of Dongying Depression,East China

The Boxing Sag is located in the southwest of Dongying Depression, southern Bohai Bay Basin of East China. It is one of the main petroliferous sags in the Dongying Depression, and has two major source rocks, namely the upper 4th Member （Es4u） and lower 3rd Member （Es31） shales of Eocene Shahejie Formation, which are the new exploration targets in recent years. In this study, 16 core samples were collected from Es4u and Es31 shales in the Boxing Sag, and the saturate hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography （GC） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）, respectively. The results show that Es4u shale has obvious phytane and gammacerane predominance, higher concentration of tricyclic terpanes and regular steranes, and very low concentration of 4- methly steranes; Es31 shale has pristane predominance, lower concentration of tricyclic terpanes, gammacerane and regular steranes, and higher concentration of 4-methly steranes. The Es4u shale can be further divided into two types based on the distribution of n-alkanes in gas chromatograms： normal distribution and double peak pattern. The biomarker characteristics and sedimentary facies distribution show that Es4u shale was deposited in the saline-hypersaline semi-deep （Type A Es4u shale, sag center） to shallow （Type B Es4u shale, sag edge） lacustrine environments, Es31 shale was deposited in the freshwater-brackish semi-deep-deep lacustrine environments, and the former sedimentary facies maps of Es4u and Es31 in the Boxing Sag are further modified.     

吉林中部黑土区土壤硒元素土壤地球化学研究

通过对吉林中部黑土区土壤和玉米植物中硒元素的地球化学研究,分析了元素Se在土壤--植物之间的转化--吸收机制。研究结果表明:吉林黑土区土壤中Se的含量为0.126~0.408μg/g,高于吉林省土壤元素环境背景值,略低于全国土壤元素背景值;吉林省黑土区土壤中Se的含量存在空间差异;土壤Se元素有效态转化程度较低,玉米对Se元素表现为极弱吸收;有效Se与土壤Se全量无密切关系,而有效Se与有效Ca、pH呈极显著的正相关;土壤中Cr、Fe、Mg、Mn、Ni和Zn有效量对Se转化有明显的负作用;玉米籽实中Se含量与土壤中Se全量、有效量、土壤pH值及其他元素有效量均无显著的相关性。     

四川盆地南部早古生代海相页岩微观孔隙特征及发育控制因素

利用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、比表面积分析仪对四川盆地南部早寒武世筇竹寺组以及早志留世龙马溪组页岩气储层的微观孔隙类型、结构特征进行了系统研究。四川盆地南部筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩气储层微观储集空间类型多样,包括黏土矿物层间孔、有机质孔、晶间孔、矿物铸模孔、次生溶蚀孔等基质孔隙。ESEM和AFM两种方法结合,能客观地反映页岩气储层的微观孔隙结构特征,具有互补性。本区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩气储层以极为发育的微孔为主,为页岩气储层提供了大量孔体积和表面积,但是筇竹寺组页岩比表面积和孔体积都较龙马溪组的小。笔者认为有机碳含量、黏土矿物类型及其含量、干酪根类型及其热演化程度是控制本区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩气储层微观孔隙结构的主要因素,其中,热演化程度的影响最为明显。在一定范围内,热演化程度与比表面积、孔体积与黏土矿物中伊/蒙间层含量具有正相关性,随着热演化程度、有机碳含量、Ⅱ型干酪根含量的增加,表现为微观孔隙数量增加,比表面积和孔体积增大。     

元坝地区大安寨段陆相页岩气富集高产主控因素

四川盆地元坝地区大安寨段湖相泥页岩为研究对象,在样品实验数据分析和岩心观察的基础上,对元坝地区陆相页岩气的形成条件进行了评价,并探讨了陆相页岩气富集高产的主控因素。元坝地区大安寨段泥页岩具有厚度大、有机质丰度高、类型好、热演化程度适中、储集物性以及含气性好、并具有可压性等特点,具备陆相页岩气形成的有利地质条件。元坝地区泥页岩含气量较高,其中吸附气量明显受到温度和压力、IOC、热演化程度(Ro)以及矿物成分的控制,表现为与压力、TOC、硅质和粘土矿物呈正相关,与温度、Ro呈负相关,与碳酸盐矿物相关性不大的特点,影响程度表现为TOCRo硅质粘土矿物碳酸盐矿物;游离气量则受孔隙和裂缝发育的影响,其与孔隙度成正相关关系;其中反映孔隙发育程度的基质孔隙度与TOC、粘土矿物含量呈正相关,与石英+长石呈先正相关后负相关(在40%左右最大),与碳酸盐含量呈负相关;裂缝发育程度则受岩性、构造作用、沉积成岩作用以及生烃作用的控制。元坝地区大安寨段陆相页岩气富集高产的主控因素包含了沉积相带、岩相和裂缝发育程度,其中浅湖—半深湖暗色泥页岩是湖相页岩气富集高产的基础;浅湖—半深湖相富有机质泥页岩所夹的薄层(条带)灰岩或砂岩有利于后期的压裂改造;裂缝和"挡板"层控制了页岩油气的高产。     

御道口油页岩矿区钻井液的研究与实践

油页岩矿区地层结构复杂,钻孔施工中常有坍塌、掉块、缩径、钻井液漏失等现象发生,易造成埋钻、卡钻、烧钻等事故,且取心困难。通过综合分析并进行实验室试验研究,选择对御道口油页岩地层有较好抑制性的钻井液配方,在生产中选择正确的配制方法并保持好钻井液的性能。通过施工验证,取得了较好的施工效果和经济效益,并收集了大量经验数据,为今后在类似矿区钻探施工提供了技术支撑。     

基于专利信息的页岩气勘探开发技术发展趋势研究

页岩气是近年来备受关注的非常规能源,因此页岩气勘探开发相关技术也成为技术研发焦点。目前国内外已经形成了大量的专利技术,采用国际专利分类法,通过德温特国际专利数据库和中国知识产权网专利数据库进行检索分析,发现整个页岩气技术群主要集中在干馏、热采等15个专业领域,而钻井、固井、完井和压裂等相关专利却占比很少,但这4个专业的相关专利在2000年后得到了快速增加。从生命周期来判断,页岩气整体技术群的发展处于快速发展时期,预计将于2018年进入成熟期,而钻井、完井、固井和压裂等4个上游相关专业却刚刚进入快速发展时期。     

大化墨玉的矿物学特征

一种新的墨玉最近在广西大化瑶族自治县被发现.对该玉石的宝石学、岩石学、矿物学特征的系统研究表明,其质地细腻,主要组成矿物有阳起石和铁阳起石(95%以上),呈显微毛毡状、柱状结构,含特征次要矿物黑硬绿泥石,并常含黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿.作为一种新型的墨玉成因矿床,大化墨玉产于辉绿岩与围岩碳酸盐岩的内接触带,是夕卡岩化后热液交代作用的产物.与其他产地墨玉相比,宝石学特征基本相同,但大化墨玉成分上更富铁,主要由铁含量高的矿物组成,密度略偏高.其黑色是由高铁含量的阳起石-铁阳起石所致.     

富有机质泥页岩微纳米孔隙系统演化特征及模式研究新进展

富有机质泥页岩孔隙系统演化特征及其模式的研究有助于完善页岩油气微纳米储层地质理论,进一步揭示页岩油气富集成藏机理,并促进页岩油气综合地质评价与勘探开发.通过综述富有机质泥页岩孔隙系统特征及发育演化影响因素,简述了泥页岩复杂孔隙系统研究发展历程,分析了自然成熟序列泥页岩和模拟序列泥页岩孔隙系统演化特征,总结了国内外富有机...