Origin of honeycombs and related weathering forms in Oligocene Macigno Sandstone,Tuscan coast near Livorno,Italy

Two types of cavernous‐weathering features are exposed in the Oligocene Macigno Sandstone along 5 km of the Tuscan coast south of Livorno, Italy. Honeycomb cells (type 1 features) are typical closely spaced, more or less circular pits of centimetre scale that have been eroded 2 to 6 cm below the general surface of bedding planes or joints. ‘Aberrant honeycomb’ cells (type 2 features) are highly elongate, polygonal, or irregular ?at depressions of decimetre scale surrounded by walls rarely higher than 2 cm, some of which pass into long, free‐standing walls or tendrils. Thus, not all type 2 ‘honeycomb’ cells are fully enclosed. We measured the geometry of 551 honeycomb cells and examined various rock properties (microscopic texture and fabric, mineralogy, porosity, permeability, and chemical composition) to isolate factors that control the size, shape, distribution, and pattern of the honeycombs. Our goal was to narrow potential origins of the features and to understand their formation. The ubiquitous occurrence of sea salt in the honeycombs and scanning electron microscope evidence of physical weathering of silicates, especially micas, favours an origin for the honeycombs chie?y by salt weathering. Honeycombs do not form in siltstone, iron‐oxide‐impregnated sandstone, calcite‐cemented concretions, or in case‐hardened joints. Thus, salt weathering of type 1 and 2 honeycombs is not effective in very low permeability rocks. We propose for type 1 honeycombs that seawater is drawn into micropores of the sandstone and evolves into self‐organized diffusion cells (Turing patterns). Selective evaporation at the stationary nodes of diffusion cells, which form at the same site over time, leads to the precipitation of salt, then grains spall off, and pits are formed. The deepest pits (>40 mm) formed where Turing patterns consistently formed at the same sites. Although the walls are more porous and weathered than the host sandstone, they become selectively case hardened by an unidenti?ed component of low abundance. Initial honeycomb cell shape and gravity locally in?uenced type 1 honeycomb shapes. We suggest that type 2 honeycombs develop where diffusion‐controlled Turing patterns lead to case‐hardening along linear trends; gravity and rock fabric are important locally in in?uencing the orientation of the walls. Only type 2 cells are forming today, suggesting recent environmental changes. Gravity is not a fundamental control on honeycomb shape; in places it is a contributing factor. Pre‐existing depressions (quarry tool marks) have strongly in?uenced honeycomb shape locally. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陇东黄土塬地区中生界石油砂岩储层预测

在鄂尔多斯盆地陇东黄土源地区地震解释中,采用广义S变换地震层序处理解释技术、三叠系顶部古地貌解释技术,以及各种储层横向预测技术,对比分析了应用效果。研究表明,用广义S变换地层层序处理解释技术可识别出约6m的层序界面,进而确认了陇东地区长8段砂体的展布方向,扩大了陇东地区西峰油田的勘探范围。     

地球化学模式在确定砂岩型铀矿矿化地段研究中的应用

在分析和讨论与成矿有关的水文地球化学参数和新疆准噶尔盆地北部地质背景的基础上，运用地球化学模式通过计算饱和指数和反应条件指数将第三系含矿层水化学成分与其所处的水文地球化学环境结合起来，系统探讨了饱和指数和反应条件指数与第三系砂岩水Eh值之间的关系，初步划分了氧化带、过渡带和还原带的位置，并对受盐池、黄花沟排泄源控制的铀矿化地段进行了初步预测。研究结果表明铀矿化地段位于北；隹顶山地区0号线Z14-Z16之间距Z14孔0．9km至4．6km处的3．7km范围内。     

砂／砂岩成分在古气候研究中的应用

本文论述了第一旋回砂／砂岩成分作为古气候恢复标志的基本原理，介绍了砂／砂岩粒径—成分趋势，砂／砂岩的骨架成分图解和ＲＦＰ指数（火山岩岩屑／斜长石十火山岩岩屑）在古气候恢复中的应用。     

Basic Facts Concerning Strength of Sandstone

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松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷沙河子组致密气储层成岩作用与成岩相特征

致密储层成因及有利储层分布预测是制约当前徐家围子断陷沙河子组致密气勘探的关键因素。本次研究综合运用沙河子组普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、电子探针、X衍射及物性测试等多种资料，系统分析徐家围子断陷沙河子组致密砂砾岩成岩作用特征。结果表明：研究区沙河子组可划分为强压实泥质杂基充填成岩相、中压实长石岩屑溶蚀成岩相、中压实石英次生加大成岩相、中压实绿泥石环边胶结成岩相和弱压实碳酸盐胶结成岩相等5种成岩相；由沉积作用形成的碎屑矿物组分、结构差异是各成岩相成岩演化的物质基础，决定了其初始孔隙度的差异；强压实和黏土杂基充填是造成砂砾岩储层物性损失的主要原因，长石岩屑溶蚀和绿泥石环边胶结有利于物性保持和改善。不同成岩相中成岩作用类型和强度各不相同导致不同成岩相间宏观物性和微观孔隙结构差异，其中中压实长石岩屑溶蚀成岩相和中压实绿泥石环边胶结成岩相是沙河子组储层最有利的成岩相带。     

层理面特性对砂岩断裂力学行为的影响研究

层理弱面对层状岩石的力学特性影响较显著，为了研究层理面特性对岩石断裂力学特性的影响，开展了具有不同层理方向的砂岩试样三点弯试验，探讨了砂岩断裂韧度及断裂模式的各向异性。之后基于有限元中的黏聚单元建立了数值模型，采用数值模拟方法研究了层理面强度对各层理角度试样断裂力学行为的影响规律。结果表明：层理方向影响下砂岩的断裂韧度及模式存在各向异性；同一层理方向试样的断裂韧度随层理面强度的增大而增大，且试样的层理面与加载方向夹角越小，断裂韧度受层理面强度变化影响越明显；试样的断裂模式不仅与层理面强度有关，还受层理倾角的控制，层理面与加载方向夹角θ = 0o试样断裂模式基本不受层理面强度影响，θ = 30o试样主要沿层理面张拉或剪切破坏，且沿层理面的破裂长度随层理面强度的降低逐渐增大；层理面强度较大时，θ = 45o试样主要沿层理面张拉破坏，θ = 60o～90o试样主要以贯穿层理的张拉破坏为主；层理面强度较小时，θ = 45o～90o试样均以沿层理面的剪切破坏为主，其中θ = 45o试样沿层理剪切长度最大。另外，通过数值模拟结果分析了层理面强度及方向对试样的起裂角及裂纹扩展路径产生的影响。该研究成果可作为层状岩石断裂力学理论的有益补充。     

源内致密砂岩优质储层特征及控制因素分析:以川西坳陷须五段为例

川西坳陷的油气勘探已经从源储分离的常规油气勘探逐渐转变为源储一体的常规与非常规油气协同勘探,其中致密储层发育特征及成藏特点成为目前亟须解决的关键科学问题之一。运用石油地质学与沉积岩石学原理及分析方法,对川西坳陷须五段储层发育特征及控制因素进行研究,研究结果显示,须五段砂岩储层的孔隙度为1.371%~8%,小于10%,渗透率为(0.005~0.701)×10^-3 μm ²,小于1×10^-3 μm ²,属致密储层范畴。基于砂岩粒度大小结合储层物性以及含气性分析,须五段识别出三类优质储层,即粗砂、中砂和细砂。研究区粗砂较少发育,厚度较大的中砂和细砂在上亚段、中亚段和下亚段的三角洲前缘亚相较发育,储集空间发育微孔隙、少量微裂缝。粒度中值控制致密砂岩优质储层的发育类型、沉积相带与层序控制优质储层的发育位置,成岩作用控制优质储层的形成。     

Stress Distribution in the Upper Shihezi Formation from 1D Mechanical Earth Model and 3D Heterogeneous Geomechanical Model,Linxing Region,Eastern Ordos Basin,Central China

The Upper Shihezi sedimentary rocks in the Linxing region has been estimated with a significant volume of tight sandstone gas.However,lateral distribution of the present-day stress magnitude is poorly understood,which limits further gas production.Hence,a one-dimensional mechanical earth model and a three-dimensional heterogeneous geomechanical model are built to address this issue.The results indicate that the strike-slip stress regime is dominant in the Upper Shihezi Formation.Relatively low stresses are mainly located around wells L-60,L-22,L-40,L-90,etc,and stress distributions exhibit the similarity in the Members H2 and H4.The differential stresses are relatively low in the Upper Shihezi Formation,suggesting that complex hydraulic fracture networks may be produced.Natural fractures in the Upper Shihezi Formation contribute little to the overall gas production in the Linxing region.In addition,the minimum principal stress gradient increases with Young’s modulus,suggesting that the stiffer rocks commonly convey higher stress magnitudes.There is a strong interplay between stress distribution and heterogeneity in rock mechanics.Overall,the relative error between the predicted and measured results is less than 10%,implying that the predicted stress distribution is reliable and can be used for subsequent analysis in the Linxing region.     

赞比亚伊索卡南部Kachinga长石砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

赞比亚东北部伊鲁米德带是一个北东向延伸的中元古代构造活动带,起自赞比亚中部,向北东一直延伸至赞比亚-坦桑尼亚边境,并进入马拉维北部;其东北部以古元古代乌本迪构造带为界;西北部以班韦乌卢地块为界;西部和西南部受新元古代的达马拉-卢菲利安弧-赞比西构造事件的影响.Kachinga长石砂岩位于伊鲁米德带的东北部伊索卡南部.本文获得Kachinga长石砂岩的416颗碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄多集中在1749±25～1920±23Ma之间,Kachinga长石砂岩的形成时代可能晚于1331±26Ma,属于中元古代.Kachinga长石砂岩碎屑锆石CL图像表明,大部分锆石为岩浆结晶锆石,少部分锆石颗粒为增生-混合型锆石,表明其经历了多期构造-热事件的改造.锆石中存在有一部分磨圆度较好的颗粒,表明其经历了多次搬运和沉积过程,从而指示了古老沉积岩为Kachinga长石砂岩提供了物源.主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素构造环境判别及物源分析表明了Kachinga长石砂岩物源主要为上地壳大陆长英质源区,并且可能混有古老沉积物成分,物源区构造背景为大陆岛弧环境.