The species censorship problem: A general solution

The longevities of species constituting a statistical population have an underlying distribution whose form and parametric values reflect probabilities of origination and extinction through time. In the case that a part of the population is extant, the form of distribution and its parameters cannot be estimated directly from the longevity data without bias. Longevities of extant censored species are truncated and thus do not statistically represent the underlying distribution. The remaining uncensored species do not represent the true relative abundances of longevities. These biases can be defined from the probability densities for species longevitys and intervalr between successive originations of species. For realistic densities ofs andr, species with an intermediate longevity are preferentially censored. This simple, general result arises because the probability of censoring a species increases with its longevity, whereas the probability of censoring a given longevity varies with its relative abundance.     

Geological Characteristics and Manifestations of Geological Processes of Sequence Boundaries and Their Vicinities

This paper discusses the geological characteristics and architectures of sequence boundaries and their vicinities and has proposed a classification scheme for the sequence boundaries, which can thus be grouped into three types and eight categories: type I includes exposed truncated surface, palaeosol surface, palaeokarst surface and exposed surface; type Ⅱ boundaries include structural transitional surface during sea-level fall and transgressive onlap surface; and type Ⅲ includes submarine erosional diagenetic diastem and event surface. A study has been made for the three major boundaries lying between the Permian and pre-Permian, the Permian and Triassic, and the Middle and Lower Triassic respectively in terms of multiple disciplines such as lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and carbon and oxygen isotopic geology. These three boundaries are ascribed to type I , typeⅡ and typeⅢ, respectively.     

松辽盆地及周缘地区侏罗系/白垩系界线区域对比特征探讨

松辽盆地及周缘地区是白垩纪时期全球最大的陆地出露区,是开展陆相J/K界线研究的理想地区.但是,受制于盆内埋深大、盆缘露头出露不佳等原因,松辽盆地及周缘地区J/K界线发育区域及层段仍然存在较大争议.同时,对于陆相J/K界线划分与对比这样的重大疑难问题,其研究很难一步到位.总结一套影响广泛、区域对比性强的J/K界线区域对比...     

Pliensbachian-Toarcian biotic turnover in north Siberia and the Arctic region

The biotic turnover in the Pliensbachian-Toarcian transition and changes in assemblages of bivalves, ostracodes, foraminifers, dinocysts, spores, and pollen are described. Only five of 24 bivalve genera and two of four ostracode genera cross the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary so that composition of genera and families to be entirely renewed at the base of the Harpoceras falciferum Zone. In the interval of three ammonite zones, diversity of foraminifers is reducing from 27 genera in the Amaltheus margaritatus Zone (upper Pliensbachian) to 17 and then to 15 genera in the Tiltoniceras antiquum (lower Toarcian) and Harpoceras falciferum zones, respectively. Single dinocysts of the Pliensbachian are replaced by their abundant specimens at the base of the Toarcian, and substantial changes in composition of palynological assemblages are simultaneously established. Factors responsible for “mass extinctions” of marine invertebrates are suggested to be the paleogeographic reorganization, anoxic events, eustatic sea-level changes, and climatic fluctuations. The biotic turnover in the Arctic region is interrelated mainly with thermal changes, which caused the southward displacements of taxa distribution areas during a rapid cooling and their gradual return to former habitat areas in the period of warming, rather than with extinction events.     

湖南桃源郝坪奥陶系五峰组顶部斑脱岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄

为了认识奥陶纪-志留纪之交的火山活动及事件年龄,对湖南桃源郝坪剖面的斑脱岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年。结果表明,五峰组顶部斑脱岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为442.2±8.1Ma,该年龄反映了扬子地区奥陶纪-志留纪之交火山活动的时代,与国际地层委员会公布的奥陶系-志留系界线年龄(443.7±1.5Ma)相一致,同属晚奥陶世。奥陶纪-志留纪之交的火山活动对于探讨晚奥陶世生物绝灭、沉积环境变化与年代地层对比具有重要的意义。     

Effects of the suspension feeding mussel Mytilus trossulus on a brackish water macroalgal and associated invertebrate community

The importance of suspension-feeding mussels is particularly apparent in benthic communities; however, the role of this feeding strategy on the development of macroalgal and associated invertebrate communities is in general poorly known. The effect of suspension-feeding mussels Mytilus trossulus on benthic communities was studied in an in situ factorial field experiment in the Northern Baltic Sea over one ice-free season. The experiment was performed under different regimes of wave exposure (low and moderate) and on different sedimentary habitats (soft bottom with high organic content, soft bottom with low organic content, and hard bottom). In general the presence of mussels was associated with increased biomass of filamentous algae, herbivores and deposit feeders and decreased biomass of charophytes. The effect of M. trossulus interacted with the effect of exposure and substrate. Stronger responses were observed in moderately exposed than in sheltered areas. The presence of M. trossulus affected charophytes and deposit feeders on sand with low content of organic matter and filamentous algae on pebbles but not on other substrate types. The magnitude of the effects varied between months. The results suggest that (i) even in dynamic coastal systems the biodeposits and excretions of mussels are at least partly assimilated locally and are not flushed away to the open sea, (ii) the accumulation of faecal material induced elevated growth of deposit feeders, (iii) mussels enhanced the growth of ephemeral macroalgae and reduced the growth of perennial macroalgae, and (iv) together with increasing benthic primary production, mussels indirectly increase the production of herbivores.     

四川盆地建南地区二叠系长兴组生物礁滩储集层预测

四川盆地建南地区长兴组生物礁滩储集层分布受控于开江—梁平盆地的展布,但对于该区盆地的延伸范围一直存在多种观点.作者通过深入研究礁滩在地震剖面上的响应特征,主要利用钻井资料并结合正演模型,发现研究区内茅口组四段顶部灰岩厚度与TP2地震反射层形态有关.由于在茅口组末期研究区内存在东吴抬升运动,古地形高地遭受强烈剥蚀,茅口组...     

应用底栖动物完整性指数评价太湖生态健康

依据2010年春季至2012年秋季,太湖32个样点的底栖动物和环境变量共11次的季节性调查结果,采用干扰程度最小系统法定义构建底栖动物生物完整性指数的参照系统,提出了确定参照系统的4个基本条件,进而按非湖心区和湖心区两个生态区分别构建太湖底栖动物完整性指数(LTB-IBI).通过对候选生物参数的分布范围筛选、判别能力分析、与理化因子的相关性和参数间的冗余分析,获得了非湖心区LTB-IBI的4个构成指数:总分类单元数、Simpson多样性指数、前3位优势单元%和BMWP指数,以及湖心区LTB-IBI的5个构成指数:总分类单元数、Simpson多样性指数、甲壳+软体分类单元数、前3位优势单元%和BMWP指数.采用比值法统一构成指数量纲,分别构建了非湖心区和湖心区LTBIBI指数,评价太湖水生态健康的等级.2010-2012年,太湖生态健康总体上呈现逐步提升的趋势.影响太湖底栖动物完整性的重要环境变量是水体中的氮含量.研究表明,连续观察数据可较大程度上提高太湖LTB-IBI指数的可靠性和评价结果的合理性.     

西辽河流域鱼类生物完整性指数评价及与环境因子的关系

采用鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)评估西辽河流域环境质量,利用相关分析筛选了影响F-IBI的环境因子,结合局部加权回归散点修匀法(LOWESS)估算了这些环境因子的保护限值.结果表明:20个候选参数指标中,鳅科鱼类物种百分比、底层鱼类物种数、耐受性鱼类个体数、杂食性鱼类物种数和筑巢产卵鱼类个体百分比适合作为西辽河流域F-IBI构建参数.采用比值法统一参数量纲,以参考点F-IBI值的95%分位数作为健康参考值,对全流域44个采样点进行健康评价,得到健康点位5个(11.4%),亚健康点位9个(20.5%),一般点位12个(27.3%),差点位11个(25.0%),极差点位7个(15.9%).电导率、氨氮浓度、碱度和泥沙比例与F-IBI呈显著负相关,坡降和草地比例与F-IBI呈显著正相关.经LOWESS和独立样本t检验发现,电导率、氨氮浓度、碱度、泥沙比例和草地比例等环境因子的保护限值分别为531μS/cm、0.55 mg/L、4.4 mmol/L、47.2%和37.0%,且限值两侧的F-IBI分值差异显著,该结果可作为西辽河流域环境管理中鱼类群落完整性保护的有益参考.