Permeability characteristics of lime treated marine clay

An attempt has been made to investigate the lime induced permeability changes in the permeability and engineering behavior of different lime column treated soil systems. Lime columns treated marine clay shows an increase in permeability up to a maximum value of 15–18 times that of untreated soil with time. The shear strength of the treated soil systems show an increment up to 8–10 that of untreated soil within a period of 30–45 days curing. In the case of lime injection systems, the permeability has been increased up to 10–15 times that of untreated soil, whereas the strength of the soil has been higher by 8–10 times that of untreated soil. Further, consolidation tests show a reduction in the compressibility up to 1/2–1/3 of original values. The test results revealed that both lime column and injection techniques could be used to improve the behaviour of underwater marine clay deposits.     

裙带菜(Undaria pinnitifida)色素蛋白复合物的分离及光谱特性的初步研究

以褐藻裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)为实验材料，采用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心的方法纯化类囊体膜；以去污剂sDs为增溶剂(SDS：Chl=20：1，4℃增溶20min)，再用蔗糖密度为60％、50％、40％、30％、20％、15％和10％的梯度离心法，从裙带菜中成功地分离出5条含色素的蛋白质复合物带。离心结果显示在离心管顶部没有任何颜色，表明经过SDS增溶没有产生游离色素，纯化的类囊体膜和5条色素条带进行吸收光谱分析，显示了属于叶绿素n(Chl-a)的吸收峰：418、436和667到672nm。叶绿素c(Chl-c)的吸收峰：615和620nm。荧光发射最高峰位于682到690nm的区域。荧光激发光谱显示有Chl-a和Chl-c的激发峰，40％层带所含有的色素复合物只有属于Chl．n的吸收峰。分析结果表明：10％、15％层带所含有的色素复合物是褐藻的捕光色素复合物；20％、30％层带所含有的色素复合物是浅绿色的PSⅡ复合体(仍然含有捕光色素)，40％层带所含有的色素复合物是深绿色PSⅠ复合体，50％层带所含有的色素复合物是没有被增溶的类囊体膜。     

The use of surface alkaline phosphatase activity in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as a biomarker of eutrophication

Eutrophication is one of the most relevant man‐induced changes occurring in coastal waters. The identification and assessment of specific responses to eutrophication in seagrasses can provide a useful tool for the detection of changes in the water quality in coastal zones, given the wide range of distribution of these organisms. In this study, we combine a correlational (across‐sites comparison) and a manipulative (fertilization experiment) approach to evaluate the usefulness and potential of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) in the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica as an eutrophication biomarker. Our results showed that APA decreases promptly following nutrient additions, the response being maintained except during the winter period. APA also varies across natural meadows under different levels of nutrient discharges at scales relevant for monitoring purposes. AP activity seems to be an optimal ‘physiological biomarker’ that responds promptly and reliably to a pulse of eutrophication exposure. However, other considerations, such as the seasonality (the response disappears in winter), suggest its use with some caution and, as far as possible, as a complement of other bio‐indicators.     

Possible evidence for enrichment of trace elements in the hydrous manganese oxide phases of suspended matter from an urbanized embayment

Total and weak-acid-soluble trace elements in suspended matter from the Duwamish River and Elliott Bay were determined from samples collected in February and September 1980. The results indicate that Mn scavenging in the water column is coincident with enrichments of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the suspended matter, suggesting a possible enrichment of these trace elements in a hydrous Mn oxide phase. This process occurs primarily in the sub-surface waters of Elliott Bay. Since mass balance calculations show a net export of Mn out of the bay, this mechanism may be an important means of transporting toxic trace metals from polluted estuaries and embayments to cleaner coastal environments.     

Geographical and temporal variation in levels of organochlorine contaminants in marine mammals

The interpretation of the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in organochlorine concentrations in marine mammal populations is complex because of the lack of wide-scale, long-term surveys. Therefore the results from several surveys must be combined and this causes undesired heterogeneity due to differences in the sampling and analytical techniques used and in the biological characteristics of the individuals sampled. Moreover, information is not homogeneously distributed in either space or in time. Most research is concentrated in western Europe, northern America and certain areas of Asia, while it is extremely limited or non-existent in Africa and most regions of the southern hemisphere. Marine mammals from the temperate fringe of the northern hemisphere, particularly fish-eating species which inhabit the mid-latitudes of Europe and North America, show the greatest organochlorine loads; noteworthy are the extremely high levels found in the Mediterranean Sea and certain locations on the western coasts of the United States. Concentrations in the tropical and equatorial fringe of the northern hemisphere and throughout the southern hemisphere are low or extremely low. The polar regions of both hemispheres showed the lowest concentrations of DDTs and PCBs, although levels of HCHs, chlordanes and HCB were moderate to high in the cold waters of the North Pacific. During recent decades, concentrations have tended to decrease in the regions where pollution was initially high but they have increased in regions located far from the pollution source as a consequence of atmospheric transport and redistribution. It is expected that the Arctic and, to a lesser extent, the Antarctic, will become major sinks for organochlorines in the future; this process may already be significant for some compounds such as HCB and HCHs. Effort should be devoted to both assessment of organochlorine trends in the now highly polluted populations of the temperate fringe of the northern hemisphere and to the implementation of long-term monitoring of marine mammal populations inhabiting polar regions.     

白酒中几种含氮杂环化合物

实验确定了分析白酒中含氮杂环化合物的最佳条件：含氮杂环化合物在ｐＨ１～２的条件下成盐，酒样浓缩１０倍后以乙醚萃取除去中性杂质和酸性杂质，将样品ｐＨ再调至９，用乙醚萃取后ＫＤ浓缩，取样品进行气相色谱分析。以上述条件测定了茅台酒等６种名酒中的含氮化合物，发现各种酒中均有含氮杂环化合物存在，但因酒型的差别，化合物含量和组成模式相差较大。     

Particulate n-alkanes and fatty acids in the Changjiang river system

Particulate samples were collected from the Changjiang river system during a flood period, in May 1997, and POC, stable isotope and lipids associated with particles were examined. Results showed the decrease (0.84% ～ 1.88%) of organic carbon content from the upper reaches to the estuary.δ13C values of particulate organic carbon was in the range of -24.9×10-3 to -26.6×10-3, which were close to the isotopic signature of continental C3 vegetation. Total particulate n-alkanes concentrations varied from 1.4 to 10.1μg/dm3,or from 23.7 to 107μg/g of total suspended matter. Fatty acids were present in all the samples, from 1.4 to 5.4μg/dm3, with saturated and unsaturated straight-chain and branched compounds in the carbon number range from C12 to C30. Both δ13C and the ratio of carbon content to nitrogen content indicate the predominance of terrestrial inputs (soil organic matter) among the particles. The biomarker approach has been used to identify the relative portion of terrigenous and autochthonous fraction in the particulate samples. The distribution of fatty acids suggests a striking phytoplanktonic and microbial signal in most particle samples. The terrestrial alkanes are used to estimate the contribution of terrestrial inputs along the mainstream.     

海产腹足类性畸变现象的形态特征

本文选取我国东南沿海的重要港口海口、北海、湛江、汕头和厦门港等作为海产腹足类性畸变现象的现场调查区，结果发现有11种海产腹足类存在性畸变。文中对分布广泛、易采集、性畸变现象普遍的疣荔枝螺的性畸变特征的解剖观察结果进行了详细的描述，同时对其他几种海产腹足类性畸变特性作了对比。根据研究结果将疣荔枝螺性畸变雌体的阴茎和输精管的畸变程度划分为5个阶段。     

柴达木盆地东部第四系低丰度高效气源岩地球化学特征及成藏机理

对柴达木盆地东部地区第四系鸭湖和盐湖剖面进行了露头取样,并利用Rock-Eval生油岩评价、色谱质谱等实验分析测试技术对样品进行了地球化学特征分析。实验结果表明,样品有机碳含量变化不大,w(TOC)为0.15%～0.75%,w(S1 S2)为(0.24～2.5)×10-3。第四系气源岩中的有机质类型多以Ⅲ型有机质为主,少数为Ⅱ型,极少数为Ⅰ型。有机质主要来源于陆源生物为主的腐殖型和含腐泥腐殖型,是典型的低丰度有机质气源岩。C29甾烷异构化参数C29αββ/(αββ ααα)、C29ααα20S/(20S 20R)分布分别为0.34～0.38、0.27～0.33,C31升藿烷22S/(22S 22R)分布为0.49～0.56,显示第四系样品多处于未熟状态。巨厚的气源岩沉积厚度、第四纪寒冷的气候和高盐度的水体环境及有效的生储盖组合是形成第四系大型生物气藏的有利条件。