高寒沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖区凝结水组分分析

凝结水作为干旱半干旱地区重要的组分,对生物土壤结皮具有重要的生态学作用。为阐明高寒沙区青海共和盆地生物土壤结皮表层5 cm凝结水水汽来源,利用2017年5—9月自制微渗仪对土壤表层5 cm不同类型生物土壤结皮(苔藓结皮、藻类结皮、物理结皮)和流沙凝结水进行了观测。结果表明:高寒沙区凝结水量随结皮发育程度变化呈增加趋势,表现为:苔藓结皮>藻类结皮>物理结皮>流沙;生物土壤结皮覆盖区凝结水量显著大于流沙凝结水量,即生物土壤结皮有利于凝结水的产生;凝结水主要由吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水与土壤凝结水两部分组成;观测期间,不同类型结皮日土壤凝结水量无显著性差异;吸湿水量和大气水汽凝结水总量显著高于土壤凝结水量(P<0. 05);随时间的变化,吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水与土壤凝结水对凝结水的贡献率呈波动性变化;吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水贡献率主要集中在65%～80%,土壤凝结水贡献率主要集中在20%～35%。     

生物药剂在金矿浮选中的试验探索

生物技术在选矿领域的应用越来越受到人们的重视,而生物药剂浮选技术还处于不断探索研究阶段。本文通过试验研究重点筛选出可生物降解的化学药剂H-3作为生物药剂应用于金矿浮选中。当H-3加工处理产物H-3-2用量为10×10~(-6)/5×10~(-6)时,粗精矿的回收率可以达到95.19%,尾矿品位为w(Au)=0.14×10~(-6)。与单一使用丁黄药和单一使用丁胺黑药相比,粗精矿回收率提高了2%～3%,尾矿品位降低了0.04×10~(-6)～0.09×10~(-6)。其用量仅是丁黄药和丁胺黑药用量的十分之一,降低了化学药剂的用量,且无毒无污染,可以生物降解,基本达到了预期目标。     

新疆山地冰川变化及影响研究进展

揭示新疆山地冰川变化及其影响,对新疆山地-绿洲-荒漠系统的健康和稳定发展意义重大。系统梳理新疆冰川物理变化、化学过程、生物资源、气候响应与生态效应等研究成果。结果表明：①新疆山地冰川总体上呈加速消融之势,且受地形、气候影响,冰川变化的区域性差异明显;②气溶胶解释了乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层物质的组成与来源,同位素定量了各流域径流中冰川融水的比例;③冰川变化对极端微生物生存条件、空间分布的影响研究较为成熟,但其与生物资源间的综合反馈机理尚不明晰;④冰川消融对水资源的影响随冰川融水拐点的到来而加剧,造成的生态服务缩减和冰雪产业损失日益凸显。制定统一的冰川提取标准、扩宽研究视角、全面系统观测冰川、提高模拟预测精度、加强灾害预警与制定对策是未来新疆山地冰川研究的关注点。     

绿鳍马面鲀微卫星标记开发及在丝背细鳞鲀中的通用性检测

为充分挖掘绿鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconus modestus)基因组资源,开发可用于群体遗传学研究的分子标记,本研究利用NCBI数据库中公布的绿鳍马面鲀全基因组序列筛查微卫星位点并在野生群体中验证,在85个选取的位点中筛选得到30个新的多态性较高的微卫星标记。每个微卫星标记的等位基因数为4~16,平均为8.5个;观测杂合度范围为0.207~0.916,平均值为0.685;期望杂合度范围为0.315~0.971,平均值为0.756;多态信息含量范围为0.301~0.898,平均值为0.716,其中属于高度多态的位点有26个,占总位点数的86.67%;经过Bonferroni校正后,有7个位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。将30个绿鳍马面鲀多态性微卫星标记在丝背细鳞鲀(Stephanolepis cirrhifer)中进行通用性检测,其中13个位点成功扩增,9个位点具有多态性。本研究开发的微卫星标记可用于绿鳍马面鲀及相关物种的遗传多样性分析、QTL定位以及系统进化等研究。     

人工生物土壤结皮对草本植物群落组成与多样性的影响

人工生物土壤结皮（Biological Soil Crusts, BSCs）指通过人工培养加速形成的BSCs,可用于沙化土地治理。目前关于人工BSCs的研究多在藻种选择与培养、接种方法优化及野外拓殖等方面,缺少其对荒漠生态系统功能恢复作用的研究。为探讨人工BSCs对草本植物多样性等荒漠生态系统功能恢复的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘人工BSCs与流沙为研究对象,对人工BSCs属性以及草本植物的组成、生长和多样性进行了研究。结果表明：人工BSCs样地共有9种草本植物,隶属于4科9属,其中苋科（Amaranthaceae）种数最多,其次为禾本科（Gramineae）,优势种为砂蓝刺头（Echinops gmelini）。对照组流沙的草本植物总盖度8%、生物量11.63 g·m^-2、丰富度0.71、多度1.00;人工BSCs草本植物的总盖度11%—19%、生物量80.00—179.70 g·m^-2、丰富度1.67—3.67、多度4.33—16.78。人工BSCs盖度与草本植物盖度为二次函数关系,而人工BSCs属性与草本植物的盖度、生物量、丰富度、多度均呈显著正相关关系。因此,人工BSCs形成与发育有利于草本植物的生长和多样性的恢复,加快了荒漠生态系统功能恢复。     

Microbial Mats in Tibetan Hot Springs and their Contributions to the Cesium‐bearing Geyserite Ore Formation

Microbial mats, mainly dominated by filamentous algae Calothrix and Oscillatoria, are well developed in Tibetan hot springs. A great number of fossil microorganisms, which existed as algae lamination in thermal depositional cesium-bearing geyserite in this area, are identified as Calothrix and Oscillatoria through microexamination and culture experiments. These microbial mats show the ability to accumulate cesium from spring water to the extent of cesium concentration of 0.46–1.03% cell dry weight, 900 times higher than that in water, and capture large numbers of cesium-bearing opal grain. Silicon dioxide colloid in spring water replaces and fills with the organism and deposits on it to form algae laminated geyserite after dehydration and congelation. Cesium in the microbial mats and opal grain is then reserved in the geyserite. Eventually, cesium-bearing algae laminated geyserite is formed. Study on cesium distribution in geyserite also shows that cesium content in algae lamination, especially in heavily compacted algae lamination, is higher than in the opal layer. For geyserite with no algae lamination or other organism structure, which is generally formed in spring water with low silicon content, cesium accumulation and cesium-bearing opal grain assembled by the microbial mats are also indispensable. After the microbial mats accumulating cesium from spring water, silicon dioxide colloid poorly replaces and fills with the organism to form opal grain-bearing tremellose microbial mats. The shape and structure of the organisms are then destroyed, resulting in cesium-bearing geyserite with no algae lamination structure after dehydration and congelation. It is then concluded that microbial mats in the spring area contribute to the enrichment of cesium in the formation of cesium-bearing geyserite, and a biological genesis of the geyserite, besides of the physical and chemical genesis, is likely.     

New Approaches and Markers for Identifying Secondary Biogenic Coalbed Gas

According to the adsorption-desorption characteristics of coalbed gas and analysis of various experimental data, this paper proposes that the generation of secondary biogenic gas (SBG) and its mixing of with the residual thermogenic gas at an early stage inevitably lead to secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various geochemical additive effects. Experimental results also show that the fractionation of the carbon isotope of methane of coal core desorption gas changes very little; the δ13C1 value of the mixed gas of biogenic and thermogenic gases is between the δ13C1 values of the two “original” gases, and the value is determined by the carbon isotopic compositions and mixing proportions of the two “original” methanes. Therefore this paper proposes that the study on the secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various additive effects is a new effective way to study and identify SBG. Herein, a systematic example of research on the coalbed gas (Huainan coalbed gas) is further conducted, revealing a series of secondary changes and additive effects, the main characteristics and markers of which are: (1) the contents of CO2 and heavy-hydrocarbons decrease significantly; (2) the content of CH4 increases and the gas becomes drier; (3) the δ13C and δD values of methane decrease significantly and tend to have biogenetic characteristics; and (4) the values of δ13C2 and δ13CCO2 grow higher. These isotopic values also change with the degradation degrees by microbes and mixing proportions of the two kinds of gases in different locations. There exists a negative correlation between the δ13C1 vs δ13CCO2 values. The △δ13CC2–C1 values obviously become higher. The distributions of the △δ13CCO2–C1 values are within certain limits and show regularity. There exist a positive correlation between the N2 versus Ar contents, and a negative correlation between the N2 versus CH4 contents, indicating the down forward infiltration of the surface water containing air. These are important markers of the generation and existence of SBG.     

Effectiveness of Wastewater Treatment Using an Anaerobic/Anoxic/Aerobic-membrane Bioreactor

采用厌氧/缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器对北京某城市污水处理厂的初沉池出水进行中试试验,约200 d的研究表明,在水力停留时间保持12.5 h后,化学需氧量、生物需氧量及总有机碳的去除率分别稳定在92%、98%、85%左右,其中生化降解部分与膜过滤部分对COD去除的贡献率分别为89%和11%;NH4＋-N、总氮（total nitrogen,TN）的去除率分别为98%、79%左右,出水ρ（TN）平均在10 mg/L左右;系统在污泥龄为40 d左右时,总磷（totalphosphorus,TP）平均去除率为85%,出水ρ（TP）在0.93 mg/L左右;反硝化除磷、好氧吸磷、膜截留对总磷的去除所占的比例分别为44.6%、51.8%、3.6%;出水浊度极低且几乎无悬浮物,可直接回用于城市杂用水.间歇抽吸、曝气冲刷、在线水力反冲及定期药洗保证了该系统的可持续运行.     

基于X射线荧光光谱法测定常见生物样品中常量和微量元素

基于大米、小麦、玉米等23种国家生物成分系列标准物质,探讨了X射线荧光光谱法在常见生物样品中常量和微量元素测定中的应用。在对各待测元素的激发电流电压、分析线、背景位置、干扰谱线、分析晶体、准直器、探测器和脉冲高度分布等条件进行分析的基础上,采用粉末压片法制样,基于回归曲线法和康普顿散射线内标法求取各待测元素的标准曲线常数、元素间吸收效应的影响系数和谱重叠系数。结果表明:国家生物成分系列标准物质具有足够宽的含量范围和适当的含量梯度,基本能覆盖常见生物样品中各元素的含量范围。方法检出限能够保证测定结果的有效性,测量精密度为2.62%～14.79%,且标准物质各元素的测定值与标准值基本相符。方法具有简便、灵敏和准确的特点,能够满足分析的需求。     

Association of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis and epibiotic barnacle Balanus rostratus: inter‐specific interactions and trophic relationships determined by fatty acid analysis

Marine mollusks provide shelter to epibiotic organisms which settle on the outer surface of their hard shells. Epibionts can exert beneficial or detrimental effects on the host mollusk. In this study, the ecology of the association of the commercially valuable marine mobile scallop Patinopecten (=Mizuhopecten) yessoensis with its epibiotic barnacle Balanus rostratus was investigated. Fatty acid analysis was performed to determine the trophic relationships between these species. The distribution of fatty acid markers in this scallop species suggests an important contribution of diatoms, flagellates and animal material in its diet. The fatty acid analysis indicated a predominance of diatoms in the diet of the adult barnacles and some detrital input into the diets of young individuals. It was found that adult barnacles may compete with the scallops for food sources such as diatoms and zooplankton. It was revealed that with a negligible biomass of epibionts, the interactions between the barnacle and scallop may be regarded as commensalisms. An increase in the weight of epibiotic barnacles resulted in decreases in the weights and shell heights of the scallops, testifying to the adverse influence of a high biomass of epibionts on their host.