不同温度保存对黑鲷精子生理特性的影响

分别采用室温(21℃左右)、低温(3—5℃,冰箱)和超低温(-196℃,液氮)保存黑鲷Sparusmacrocephalus(Basilewsky)精子,探讨不同温度保存对黑鲷精子生理特性的影响。在室温条件下,黑鲷精子活力随保存时间的延长而下降,保存4h后的精子失去激烈运动的能力。在低温条件下,黑鲷精子寿命有所延长。黑鲷精子经过超低温保存后,其激活率、受精率与鲜精的接近,精子活力则有所下降。黑鲷新鲜精子在海水盐度为10时能被激活,但经过超低温保存后的黑鲷精子激活所需的最低盐度必需在10以上。     

嘉庚蛸(Octopus tankahkeei)基础生物学特征的研究

从2003年1月到2003年12月对浙江省象山港内嘉庚蛸的生物学指标进行了测量,共获取样品408头,分析了其基础生物学的周年变化规律和主要体型特征。结果表明,嘉庚蛸长度分布频率具有明显的季节变化,6,7月份长度分布较其他月份广,6月份分布比较均匀具两个峰值(240和360 mm,所占比例分别为13.3%和16.7%);冬季生长缓慢,3,4月份为快速生长期,体长、体重等指标增长明显,4月底即进入了繁殖季节,在6,7月份可采捕到当年孵化的幼体。嘉庚蛸体长与体重以幂函数拟合最佳,而各体征指标与全长、体重和体积的相关关系也较为显著,但相关方程在雌雄间存在着差异。雌体在体型上明显比雄体粗壮,全长/胴长、全长/胴宽以及全长/体积经统计检验发现雌雄间存在着显著差异,主要表现为若全长相等的情况下,雌体的胴长、胴宽和体积明显大于雄体,自然种群的雌体比雄体更强壮、更丰满。     

Physical dynamics and biological implications of a mesoscale eddy in the lee of Hawai’i: Cyclone Opal observations during E-Flux III

E-Flux III (March 10–28, 2005) was the third and last field experiment of the E-Flux project. The main goal of the project was to investigate the physical, biological and chemical characteristics of mesoscale eddies that form in the lee of Maui and the Island of Hawai’i, focusing on the physical–biogeochemical interactions. The primary focus of E-Flux III was the cyclonic cold-core eddy Opal, which first appeared in the NOAA GOES sea-surface temperature (SST) imagery during the second half of February 2005. During the experiment, Cyclone Opal moved over 160 km, generally southward. Thus, the sampling design had to be constantly adjusted in order to obtain quasi-synoptic observations of the eddy. Analyses of ship transect-depth profiles of CTD, optical and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data revealed a well-developed feature characterized by a fairly symmetric circular shape with a radius of about 80 km. Depth profiles of temperature, salinity and density were characterized by an intense doming of isothermal, isohaline and isopycnal surfaces. Isopleths of nutrient concentrations were roughly parallel to isopycnals, indicating the upwelling of deep nutrient-rich water. The deep chlorophyll maximum layer (DCML) shoaled from a depth of about 130 m in the outer regions of the eddy to about 60 m in the center. Chlorophyll concentrations reached their maximum values in Opal's core region (about 40 km in diameter), where nutrients were upwelled into the euphotic layer. ADCP velocity data clearly showed the cyclonic circulation associated with Opal. Vertical sections of tangential velocities were characterized by values that increased linearly with radial distance from near zero close to the center to a maximum of about at roughly 25 km from the center, and then slowly decayed. The vertical extent of the cyclonic circulation was primarily limited to the upper mixed layer, as tangential velocities decayed quite rapidly within a depth range of 90–130 m. Potential vorticity analysis suggests that only a relatively small (about 50 km in diameter) and shallow (to a depth of approximately 70 m) portion of the eddy is isolated from the surrounding waters. Radial movements of water can occur between the center of the eddy and the outer regions along density surfaces within an isopycnal range of σ–t_23.6 () and σ–t_24.4 (). Thus the biogeochemistry of the system might have been greatly influenced by these lateral exchanges of water at depth, especially during Opal's southward migration. While the eddy was translating, deep water in front of the eddy might have been upwelled into the core region, leading to an additional injection of nutrients into the euphotic zone. At the same time, part of the chlorophyll-rich waters in the core region might have remained behind the translating eddy and, thus contributed to the formation of an eddy wake characterized by relatively high chlorophyll concentrations.     

Nature and biological composition of the New Caledonian outer barrier reef slopes

The Grande Terre of New Caledonia is enclosed by one of the longest barrier reefs in the world. For the first time, the fore-reef slopes of this barrier reef have been sampled by dredging, from 40 to 320 m deep, in order to analyze their sedimentological and biological characteristics. The rocks and sediments can be divided into seven sedimentary facies: bindstones dominated by coralline algal crusts, bindstones dominated by foraminiferal crusts, bindstones dominated by bryozoan crusts, coral framestones, bindstones and interstratified packstones rich in skeletal debris, packstones/wackestones and grainstones rich in rock gravels. Radiocarbon dating performed on encrusting organisms (coralline algae and acervulinids) and corals provide ages relatively young. These ages confirm that the encrusting organisms are modern and the corals mainly dated of Holocene are reworked due to the instability of the fore-reef slopes, especially during storms. Because the biological assemblages are distributed according to a bathymetric range depending on light intensity, a model of distribution of modern encrusting calcareous organisms can be proposed from our observations and analyses. From the upper reef slopes to approximately 90 m, thick coralline algal crusts are dominant and distributed in three groups. Group C, the shallowest parts of the fore slopes, is mainly characterized by mastophorids (Hydrolithon reinboldii, H. cf. munitum, Lithoporella melobesoides, Aethesolithon cf. problematicum, Neogoniolithon sp. and undetermined species) and lithophylloids (Lithophyllum sp., L. pustulatum). Group B, composed of lithophylloids (Lithophyllum sp., L. cf. kotschyanum, L. cf. moluccence, L. pustulatum), Mesophyllum sp. and Peyssonnelia sp. occurs from 15 to 40 m. Group A, rich in Mesophyllum sp., M. cf. mesomorphum, Peyssonnelia sp. and Sporolithon sp. is characteristic of deep reef slopes up to 90 m. Below approximately 90 m, when the light intensity decreases, the encrusting foraminifera acervulinids progressively replace the coralline algal crusts. Such a model is particularly useful to interpret and reconstruct the past Quaternary reef environments rich in crusts of coralline algae and/or foraminifera.     

生物浮床在泥鳅养殖中对水体生境的影响

为探讨生态浮床对养殖池塘水质净化效果以及对浮游植物群落结构的影响,试验设置对照组1个、处理组3个,浮床覆盖率分别为5%、10%、15%,每组3重复,定期测定水化学指标和藻类的群落结构。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,处理组能够提高水体透明度,降低水体中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学耗氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH₄₊-N)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2-N)等水化学指标,并且随着浮床覆盖率的增大,净化效果越明显。在养殖中期,处理组浮游植物的种数明显高于对照组,但其生物量却低于对照组。处理组大鳞副泥鳅的成活率、增重量显著高于对照组,但是随着浮床覆盖率增大,大鳞副泥鳅增重量并没有随之增加。因此生物浮床对改善池塘水质、丰富藻类组成、降低过高浮游植物生物量以及提高大鳞副泥鳅的成活率有一定的作用。本试验中,浮床覆盖率15%时对大鳞副泥鳅养殖有一定的应用价值。     

Hydraulic habitat use with respect to body size of aquatic insect larvae: Case of six species from a French Mediterranean type stream

Macroinvertebrates play a key role in lotic ecosystems, as fish prey and processors of organic material. Therefore, their hydraulic preferences have to be integrated in instream habitat models for ecological stream management. This study characterized physical habitat use in terms of shear velocity for the larvae of three Ephemeropteran (Ephoron virgo, Oligoneuriella rhenana, and Serratella ignita), two Trichopteran (Cheumatopsyche lepida and Hydropsyche exocellata) and one Dipteran species (Blepharicera fasciata) in a Mediterranean stream at a relatively low water discharge. O. rhenana, C. lepida, H. exocellata, and B. fasciata larvae were mainly found in high shear velocity conditions, whereas E. virgo and S. ignita larvae were found in low shear velocity conditions. Knowing that habitat preferences should vary during ontogenesis (with respect to changes in biological requirements and/or morphological abilities to withstand high flow, for example), our second objective was to characterize differences in the hydraulic habitat use (in terms of shear velocity) for different size classes of these six species.Larvae of H. exocellata and B. fasciata mainly colonized high shear velocity conditions and numerous individuals of these species also used medium shear velocity conditions, independent of size class.The use of high shear velocity conditions increased with larval size for C. lepida and O. rhenana, whilst the use of low shear velocity conditions increased for larger larvae of E. virgo and S. ignita. Various hypotheses are proposed to explain these different strategies of habitat use during ontogenesis. We point out the lack of knowledge about physical habitat shifts during the larval growth of freshwater invertebrates.These results highlight the interest to consider the respective habitat requirements of different size classes of invertebrates in instream habitat models. Population bottlenecks should be overcome if hydraulic conditions are kept suitable for all size classes by stream managers.     

Release and transformations of inorganic iodine by marine macroalgae

A number of field and laboratory studies on the impact of marine macroalgae on dissolved inorganic iodine speciation are presented. Within tidally isolated rock pools, the brown macroalga Fucus serratus was found to both release stored iodide and to facilitate the reduction of iodate to iodide. In contrast, no discernible changes in iodine speciation were observed in rock pools containing green macroalgae of the genus Ulva. Incubation experiments confirmed that the macroalgae Laminaria digitata, F. serratus and Kallymenia antarctica release iodide, though the rate of release varied between species and between specimens of the same species. Application of oxidative stress by treatment with cell wall derived oligoguluronate elicitors increased the efflux of iodide by L. digitata approximately 20-fold. The release of iodide by macroalgae may impact upon the formation of volatile iodine species (molecular iodine and iodocarbons) that are of importance in the coastal atmosphere.     

Vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification: A meta-analysis

The ocean captures a large part of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. As a result of the increase in CO₂ partial pressure the ocean pH is lowered as compared to pre-industrial times and a further decline is expected. Ocean acidification has been proposed to pose a major threat for marine organisms, particularly shell-forming and calcifying organisms. Here we show, on the basis of meta-analysis of available experimental assessments, differences in organism responses to elevated pCO₂ and propose that marine biota may be more resistant to ocean acidification than expected. Calcification is most sensitive to ocean acidification while it is questionable if marine functional diversity is impacted significantly along the ranges of acidification predicted for the 21st century. Active biological processes and small-scale temporal and spatial variability in ocean pH may render marine biota far more resistant to ocean acidification than hitherto believed.     

Estuarine microbial community characteristics as indicators of human-induced changes (Senegal River,West Africa)

Understanding how human-induced management interacts with and affects the structure and functioning of large estuarine ecosystems is a major research challenge. In West Africa, human intervention on the Senegal River Estuary was intended to reduce the impact of major flooding by opening a new mouth in October 2003, 25 km to the north of the existing mouth. This study describes the effects of the new environmental conditions on the physical and biochemical characteristics of the water column and on microbial communities (bacteria, phytoplankton by size class and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF)) in comparison with the situation in 2002. In 2006, seventeen stations were sampled, during both neap and spring tides, at a depth of 0.5 m along a salinity gradient from freshwater to marine conditions. Inorganic nutrient levels were often low but there were high levels of chlorophyll a in the estuarine area (mean of 13.7–20.7 μg L⁻¹ in spring and neap tide conditions, respectively) producing a eutrophic status in this estuary. Average HNF abundances were lower (mean of 108 and 174 cells l⁻¹ during neap and spring tides, respectively) compared to the situation in 2002 (mean between 2.5 and 6.7 × 10⁴ cells l⁻¹). Three biological indicators for assessing environmental changes are discussed: ratio of bacteria to heterotrophic flagellate abundances, ratio of picophytoplankton to nanophytoplankton, and the density of thermo-tolerant coliforms (TTC) and faecal streptococci. It is demonstrated that man-made alteration of the hydrologic regime can modify the microbial community structure and cause the health status of the estuary to deteriorate.