水热平衡、化学地理和生物地理群落学研究成就和发展

本文内容包括三个方面:一是介绍黄秉维教授六十年代初提出综合自然地理学中的三个新方向——水热平衡、化学地理和生物地理群落学的基本理论和学术思想;二是中山大学地理系自然地理专业师生们在这三个新方向主要研宄成果;三是论述中山大学地理系自然地理专业师生们运用这些理论促使环境科学的形成和发展,正引用环境科学的成就来推动三个新方向上一个新台阶。     

上流式曝气生物滤池深度处理炼油厂外排污水

炼油厂外排污水水质复杂,可生化性已较差,但上流式曝气生物滤池对其有较好的处理效果.研究结果表明曝气生物滤池处理炼油厂外排污水在有机负荷(COD)为 4.39 kg·m-3·d-1、水力负荷为3 m3· m-2·h-1、气水比为31下,COD、NH3-N的去除率达到81.9%、73.2%;曝气生物滤池的主要影响因素依次是水力负荷、气水比、有机负荷;得到的经验速度方程与Monod方程基本吻合.该实验为炼油厂外排污水再生回用提供了一种工艺方法.     

四川盆地非海相三叠系-侏罗系界线研究

对四川盆地几条典型的三叠系一侏罗系界线剖面的生物标志、岩性特点、沉积层序及古气候变化进行综合研究，发现Coniopteris属的始现为三叠系一侏罗系界线的古植物标志、双壳类Margaritifern（Qiyangia）的首现和孢粉中孢子与花粉百分含量在界线上、下的显著变化也可作为三叠系一侏罗系界线的生物标志，三叠系一侏罗系界线之上的岩石组合大致可分为4种基本类型：砾岩型、石英砂岩夹砾岩型、石英砂岩型和粉砂质泥岩型。建议重庆合川炭坝剖面及宣汉七里峡剖面分别为四川盆地非海相三叠系一侏罗系界线层型剖面和副层型剖面。     

高寒草甸氮素循环研究进展

高寒草甸氮素循环过程中的物理过程、化学过程和生物过程与土壤、植物的发生、发育紧密联系，因此对物理、化学、生物三个不同过程高寒草甸氮素循环的研究现状进行了分析。     

Effect of oxidation potential and zinc sulphate on the separation of chalcopyrite from pyrite

The effects of oxidation potential (Eh) and zinc sulphate on the separation of chalcopyrite from pyrite were investigated at pH 9.0. The flotation recovery of these minerals is Eh dependent with maximum separation obtained at 275 mV SHE. Zinc sulphate addition improved this mineral separation at an Eh value of 275 mV by selectively depressing pyrite flotation. A different result was obtained at lower Eh values where zinc sulphate addition improved chalcopyrite flotation but had no or little effect on pyrite flotation. These opposite effects of zinc sulphate on mineral flotation were reconciled by examining the surface species of these minerals. The selective depression of pyrite flotation by zinc sulphate was also confirmed in the flotation of two copper ores.     

Evaluation of multiphase flotation models in grid turbulence via Particle Image Velocimetry

Industrial processes involving multi-phase flows such as flotation require understanding of the relationships between bubbles, solid particles and the flow. Modern experimental tools are employed in this effort to measure with great accuracy the basic features of the motion of all three phases in turbulent flow. We employed a unique Digital Particle Image Velocimeter (DPIV) that can record with great accuracy and kHz temporal resolution, velocity vectors of all three phases, namely the fluid, the solid particles and the air bubbles. The interaction of these three phases was studied in homogeneous isotropic turbulence generated by cylindrical grids. Particles and bubbles were released into the turbulence and the motions of the three phases were monitored. The experimental results obtained in the present work were compared with the predictions of the models published in the literature.     

包气带中原油的迁移和降解研究

在石油的开采和集输过程中,常常有大量的原油抛洒和泄漏,这对土壤和植物地造成严重污染,本文通过大量野外和室内的原油渗透试验,含油地层的淋滤试验和石油的生物降解试验,来研究石油污染物在包气带中迁移,转化和降解规律,从而地下水石油污染的潜在性作出科学的评价。     

Distribution of aromatic steroids in geological samples: their evaluation as geochemical parameters

The distribution of ring-C monoaromatic and triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons of about fifty crude oils and sediments of various origins and ages were studied in order to test their validity as geochemical source and maturity parameters. Three ratios appeared to be useful maturity parameters, i.e. A/B cis to trans isomers in non-rearranged monoaromatics, mono/triaromatics and shortvs long-chain homologues. Four other variations may be considered as source parameters depending upon lithology or other palaeo-environmental conditions, i.e. rearranged vs non-rearranged monoaromatics, 5β/5α -methyl rearranged monoaromatics, carbon number distribution and occurrence of a yet unknown series of methylated triaromatic steroids. 5α-Methyl rearranged monoaromatics seem to be particularly important in anhydrites from sabkha environments. Recent identification of most aromatic steroid constituents occurring in geological samples confers on this class of compounds an increasing value as correlation parameters in geochemical studies.     

Immunological studies on microbial mats from Solar Lake (Sinai)— A contribution to the organic geochemistry of sediments

Immunological and biochemical techniques were used to investigate organic matter in microbial mats from Solar Lake (Sinai, Egypt). Antibodies, elicited in rabbits against samples taken at different depths from a core of these mats, were used for the detection of immunological determinants preserved in these samples. Special attention was given to an antiserum directed against a top mat fraction (3–10 mm depth) and an antiserum against a fraction from a lower section of the core (380–390 mm depth). Both antisera, tested in a dot-blot immunobinding assay, were found to give positive reactions with organic matter from different depths of the sediment. An immunohistochemical experiment with the antisera points to antigenic determinants on Recent and subfossil sheaths of Microcoleus. In addition, extracts of sediment samples were submitted to electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in order to characterize the separated macromolecules by immunological means. The results showed a rapid decrease in the number of antigenic determinants from Recent to subfossil samples. However, even in the deepest layers of the sediment (690–700 mm depth) intact biopolymers were detected.     

辽河盆地西部凹陷下第三系原油和生油岩的生物标记化合物研究

本文应用色谱-质谱和气相色谱等技术分析鉴定了辽河断陷盆地西部凹陷下第三系原油和生油岩饱和烃中的甾、萜烷等生物标记化合物。并利用甾、萜烷等生物标记化合物和其它地质、地球化学资料,讨论了油、岩的生物先体性质,将其做了分类对比,确定了沙河街组、东营组和前中生界潜山原油的原生性和次生性。